Thematic PowerPoint 1 (music)

1. Thematic PowerPoint 1 (music) Garrett Moler

2. Music of the Native Americans • Music does not change from simple to complex • Native American music was once a way to communicate with the spiritual realm and bringing aid of supernatural power • Music is a fundamental part of native American culture and can be seen in almost everything they do • Songs from one region are very different from songs with another region • The music is very different than the Europeans which led them to believe it was absent of structure and melody • Indian music is not divided by genre but rather is accepted by what part in your life it plays • Children were often taught through music with a repeated theme in songs • In the Indian world songs are a tribes or single persons property

3. Music of the Native Americans Cont. • As property songs can be given as gifts and the right to use a song may be obtained by giving gifts to the owner • Songs rarely have titles in native American music • In Indian culture there are no professional artists or musicians they weave art and music in their lives so well these are unnecessary • The ability of thinking of songs and bringing them to the people was seen as a spiritual gift rather than artistic • Use of harmony or polyphony is rare in native American music • Words in music are much less important than the actual music • Percussion instruments are the most common type in native American music • Wind instruments are also used in native American music with the most common being the flute • When Indian songs are written in European time signature they change time almost every measure

4. European Music in the Early Americas • In the dark ages European music consisted of chants of religious purpose • As the renaissance began the idea of harmony in Europe was developed • The jump from chants to advanced polyphonies was a giant leap for music of the era • Music became a structure of notes based on arithmetic proportion • Composers such as Dowland, Murray, and Tomkins produced wonderful melodies and poetry to accompany them • A common theme of music in the 1500s was exploration of form • The major chord as the basis for music was also developed in this era

5. European Music in the Early Americas Cont. • From 1600-1750 music went into a baroque era • Baroque literally translates to bizarre • Italy was the center of these musical movements • Introduced more complicated melodies and polyphonies • Music now ran on the same basis major and minor scales • Great composers such as bach wrote in the baroque style • The new dominance of melody within harmony also led to many new changes • The keyboard was extended in both directions and the production of stringed instruments rapidly increased • Not until the 18th century did the classical music era begin

6. West African Music • Like Indian music it relied heavily on percussion instruments • Music was used in a religious sense and was often accompanied by dancing • The use of the voice and chanting is widely used in west African music • Along with percussion instruments string and wind instruments are used • Popular among traditional south African music is the harp such as the kola • Wind instruments such as flutes are used for melody • Kosikas, rainsticks, bells, and whistles were all used to add to the music • Africans told childhood stories and lullabies in musical form like the Indians did • Music was an integral part to the west Africans culture • West African music is slightly different than that of other areas in Africa • Wandering musicians and praise singers were found throughout west Africa • African music eventually evolved in the Americas and gave us the popular styles of jazz and the blues

7. Music of the Revolution • The revolution inspired only a handful of new musical compositions • Jame’sFulds book of world famous music only lists three songs to come from the revolutionary period • British Grenadiers • God Save the King • Yankee Doodle • Americans often changed the verses of well known music to fit their own lyrics and not composing their own music • Music of the time • The music of the time that was considered “popular” is difficult to the twenty first century listener to understand • Unlike music of today music in eighteenth century America was not written for concert performance • Concert music of the time had dynamics and was meant to make a paying audience feel a certain way • Music of the revolution was more functional than artistic

8. Music of the Revolution Cont. • William Billings (1746-1800) • The New England Psalm Singer in 1770 was the first full collection of American music written by Billings • Contained 126 pieces • Billings was a Boston Tanner who cared about music of the period • Billings s aw psalmody as an art and himself as an artist and was one of the first Americans to do so • American Psalmody • Took on a different style than British psalmody • Most European music and Billings of the time was accompanied with a piano piece that set order and governess to the piece • Francis Hopkinson • The only native born American musician in the colonies that we know of before the revolution who can be called a composer of secular music • Began to study harpsichord at age 17 • Could play popular European music of the time but wrote few pieces himself • Hopkinson attained a level of skill not matched by the Americans of his generation • The need to master complex tonal harmony and attain keyboard skill made very few native born Americans capable of writing secular music comparable to their European counterparts

9. Music of the Revolution Cont. • “Songsters” • Music of the time relied on text and tunes independent from one another • Songsters were books of the time with printed lyrics and the name of a melody to which they were sung too • Most Americans knew popular melodies of British theatre and Psalmody tunes • Words would simply be replaced and put into the same melody • The idea of musical creativity barely existed in the colonies • Instruments and instrumental music • Most instrumental music was for solo instruments • Popular instruments in the colonies’ • Violin • Fife • Flute • No instrumental tutors existed in the colonies at the time • To play the instruments you had to be essentially self taught

10. Military Field Music • Military Field Music: The United States • European military instruments were brought to the new world and used very similarly • As militias formed in towns drummers played an important role of summoning men to take up arms in rural areas • Revolutionary War drummers and fifers were often used to signal to the soldiers when to fire • Drums • Were an important part to the military unit • Often decorated with emblems signifying a company

11. The Music of George Washington’s Time • Ballads, operas, and musical evenings in the home were frequent in the principal cities from 1750 on • Music in New England • At first the puritans allowed no musical instruments • Only allowed music that was to praise god • Quakers advised members not to dance or listen to music • In New York and the South music division was more welcome and accepted • To our knowledge there were no native born composers until Francis Hopkinson (1737-1791)

12. The Music of George Washington’s Time Cont. • After the appearance of these three more native composers appeared but none did something that could be considered great • Moravian Colony • Settled in 1741 in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania • Enjoyed music unknown to the rest of America • Germans who brought their love of music with them • Their orchestras and choruses reproduced music worthy of the masters • When Washington visited Bethlehem in 1782 he was serenaded by the trombone choir • Sadly their culture had little effect on the rest of America • After the revolution • Foreign musicians came to our shores • Especially during the time of the French revolution they came in mass quantity • These immigrants took our musical life in their hands • They stifled attempts at native music because the more experienced European musicians took American’s spots in concerts • Most of these musicians were English, French and German

13. Early Concerts • The first public concert in America was held in Boston • It was held in 1731 when the new England ban of secular music was beginning to be lowered • Named a “Concert of Music on sundry Instruments” • Was held in the “great room” at Mr. Pelhams • by 1754 there was a concert hall at the corner of Hanover and Court Streets • After Boston Charleston South Carolina was the next city to see a concert venue built • Then came New York • 1736 there was advertised a "Consort of Musick, Vocal and Instrumental • for the benefit of Mr. Pachelbel, the Harpsichord Part performed by Himself • Philadelphia heard its first advertised concert in 1757 • John Palma offered an affair "at the Assembly Room in Lodge Alley", January 25th • It seems there were concerts before this one in Philadelphia that weren’t on record • Philadelphia’s population, besides the Quakers were fond of entertainment • Dancing was taught in boarding schools as early as 1728 • During the interval of the revolution congress passed a resolution to discourage “every species of extravagance and dissipation” in 1774

14. Early Concerts Cont. • Concerts were offered regularly in the principal cities after the revolution • Many pieces of the time have been lost • Handel, Haydn, and, in the closing years of the century, Mozart, were well represented in concerts of the era • the overtures of the London Bach - Johann Christian (son of Johann Sebastian), were played often • typical programs of the period offered a variety of compositions

15. Important People • Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) - An Italian composer and violinist who exercised wide influence on contemporaries. Born in Italy a generation before Bach he studied in Bologna and formed a distinguished musical career. He can be seen as a teacher, violinist, and composer • John Dunstaple (1390-1453) – An English composer of polyphonic music in the renaissance era. Unlike many composers of the time he was not a cleric.

16. Important People Cont. • James Lyon(1735-1794)- Compiled Urania, a large collection of sacred music, and published it in 1761. James Lyon was one of the First American musicians. Urania is far larger than any previous American music compilation. James Lyon helped develop American Psalmody, one of the first styles of music manipulated in America. • John Arnold(1741-1777)- Wrote CompleatPsalmodist which dealt with distinguishing musical intervals as consonant or dissonant. Americans took his work literally and the hierarchical ordering of harmonies was lost. This peeled away important layers of British tradition and caused Americans to write music in their own unique style.

17. Important People Cont. • Francis Hopkinson (1737-1791)-America’s first native composer • William Billings (1746-1800)-writer of the New England Psalm singer and one of the first original American composers

18. Definitions • Baroque- musical period following the renaissance from 1600-1750 • Kola- traditional West African harp • Harmony- a simultaneous combination of notes • Polyphony- a piece utilizing many styles of sound • Melody- musical sound in agreeable succession

19. Definitions Cont. • Psalmody- popular pre-revolution music which merged music and psalms of the bible • Songsters- books in the 18th century that took popular melodies and applied different lyrics to them • Consonant- musical intervals deemed acceptable in traditional British musical structure • Dissonant- Musical intervals deemed unacceptable in traditional British musical verse and structure • Harpsichord- musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces a sound by plucking a string when a key is pressed

20. Definitions Cont. • Sonata- a composition of two or more instruments, typically in three or four movements • Suite- an ordered series of instrumental dances generally in the same key • Minuet- a slow dance in triple meter, popular in the 17th and 18th centuries • Overture- musical prelude to an opera, etc. • Finale- the last piece of an opera etc.

21. Quiz 1. Why were the Europeans so perplexed by Native American music? A. It lacked structure and melody B. It possessed complex polyphony C. The use of many instruments led them to misinterpret the music D. Europeans possessed little musical knowledge 2.How were West African and Native American music similar? A. They used string instruments B. They used complex lyrics C. Both used many percussion instruments D. West African and Native American music was not similar 3. Name one traditional West African instrument A. Guitar B. The rattle C. The violin D. The kola 4. In Native American culture who owned music? A. The chief B. The person who paid the musician C. The child of the musician D. The tribe or inventor of the song

22. Quiz Cont. 5. When was the Baroque era? A. 1300-1400 B. 1400-1500 C. 1500-1600 D. 1600-1750 6. How were West African and Native American music different? A. One used string instruments more than the other B. The use of drums was only applied in West African music C. Only native American music used the flute D. West African music and Native American music was similar in every way 7. What often accompanied traditional West Africa Music? A. Poetry B. Complex lyrics C. Dance D. A celebration 8. In Europe when did music become structured based on arithmetic proportion? A. In the medieval era B. During the renaissance C. The period between the renaissance and baroque era D. The classical era 9. In what ways did music affect Native American life? A. Religion B. Agriculture C. Teaching children D. All of the above

23. Quiz Cont. 10. What styles emerged from West African music in the Americas? A. Classical B. Jazz C. Blues D. Both B and C

24. Quiz Answer Key • 1. A • 2. C • 3. D • 4. D • 5. D • 6. C • 7. C • 8. C • 9. D • 10. D

25. Quiz 2 1. Music of the Revolution A. Produced prolific creativity and new composers B. Did not veer away from British music at all C. Produced a handful of original American tunes D. Music was not important to the lives of Americans at the time 2. Three original revolutionary songs include A. British Grenadiers B. God Save the King C. Yankee Doodle D. All of the above 3. Music of the pre- revolutionary time period was written to A. Serve as functional B. Be listened to C. Be performed at a concert D. Music was not present in America at the time 4. How was music passed on during this time period? A. Oral tradition B. Few printed books C. Sheet music D. Both A and B

26. Quiz 2 Cont. 5. William Billings Wrote A. Symphony 40 in B minor B. The New England Psalm Singer C. Handbook for the Modern American Psalmody Composer D. Compilation of Modern American music 6. American Psalmody A. Was identical to that of British psalmody B. Possessed random note structure C. Was taken from British psalmody but possessed different qualities D. Was all written to be played on a keyboard 7. The only native born American musician in the colonies that we know of before the revolution who can be called a composer of secular music was? A. William Billings B. James Lyon C. John Arnold D. Francis Hopkinson 8. Songsters applied the use of the same structure with different lyrics A. Melodic B. Note C. Time D. Instrumental 9. A popular musical instrument of the time was A. Violin B. Fife C. Flute D. All of the above

27. Quiz 2 Cont. 10. Each regiment in the British and American Army possessed A. Two fifers and two drummers B. 200 soldiers C. Only one drummer D. An officer for every 10 soldiers

28. Quiz 2 Answer Key • C • D • A • D • B • C • D • A • D • A

29. Quiz 3 1. Military drummers were used to A. Call soldiers to arms B. Signal troops to fire C. Amuse soldiers D. Both A and B 2. The following were popular in the home from 1750 on A. Ballads B. Operas C. Musical evening D. All of the above 3. Quakers A. Supported musical creativity B. Had a wide variety of composers C. Did not support their followers listening to music D. Never heard music 4. The first manuscript of Hopkinson’s bears the date A. 1756 B. 1759 C. 1761 D. 1764

30. Quiz 3 Cont. 5. The Moravian colony was made up of A. English B. Germans C. French D. Spanish 6. After the revolution A. Musical creativity went stagnant B. Many European composers came to America C. American composers were greatly influential D. Continental congressed banned concerts for 3 years 7. The first public American concert was held in A. Philadelphia B. New York C. Boston D. Charleston 8. The first public concert was held in the year A. 1731 B. 1733 C. 1735 D. 1737 9. During the interval of the revolution continental congress passed a law A. Encouraging people to write music B. Discouraging dance and music C. Banning all music in the colonies D. that destroyed all instruments in the colonies

31. Quiz 3 Cont. 10. A composer popular in concerts of the time A. Handel B. Haydn C. Mozart D. All of the above

32. Quiz 3 Answer Key • D • D • C • B • B • B • A • A • B • D

33. Referances • Crawford, Richard. (1996). The birth of liberty: music of the revolution. Retrieved from http://www.dramonline.org/content/notes/nwr/80276. • Tasker, J. (n.d.). Music of washingtons time. Retrieved from http://www.americanrevolution.org/washingtonsmusic.html

34. References Cont. • Native american music. (2000). Retrieved from http://nativeamericancultures.com/music.htm • Charry, E. (n.d.). West african music. Retrieved from http://echarry.web.wesleyan.edu/Afmus.html