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European Dictators Prior to WW II

Learn about the rise to power and reign of dictators in Spain, Italy, USSR, and Germany before WWII. Explore the transformation of these countries into totalitarian states under Franco, Mussolini, Stalin, and Hitler. Witness the impact of ideologies like Fascism and Communism on Europe's political landscape.

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European Dictators Prior to WW II

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  1. European Dictators Prior to WW II

  2. Spain Italy U.S.S.R. Germany

  3. SPAIN

  4. Spain Prior to 1936 • Spain had been a monarchy up until 1931 when a republic was declared. • The government came under the control of both liberals and socialists. • Socialists – those who believe in socialism • Liberals – those who believe in individual freedoms

  5. Socialism • A form of government in which the state owns or controls the industries that produce basic goods and services. EXAMPLES: • Communications • Transportation • Power generation

  6. Spanish Civil War • July, 1936 – Army leaders favoring a Fascist-style government revolted • Led by General Francisco Franco

  7. Fascism • A form of government which promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.

  8. Foreign Intervention in Spain • Both Germany and Italy sent troops and equipment to help Franco’s ‘Nationalist’ forces. • The Soviet Union sent equipment and advisors to help the ‘Republican’ elected government. • The Western Democracies remained neutral

  9. Outcome • Franco’s forces defeated the Republican resistance early in 1939. • Franco became Spain’s Fascist dictator

  10. ITALY

  11. Benito Mussolini

  12. The Fascist Party • Mussolini founded the Fascist party in 1919. • He promised to rescue Italy from rising inflation and unemployment as well as social unrest following World War One • He publicly criticized the government as conditions worsened.

  13. Mussolini Takes Power • Mussolini supporters attacked both Communists and Socialists on the streets of Italy in order to weaken his opponents • October 1922 – Mussolini marched on Rome and demanded that King Victor Emmanuel III place him in charge of the government.

  14. Il Duce • Il Duce – leader • Mussolini abolished democracy and outlawed all political parties except the Fascists • Jailed his opponents • Took control of newspapers and radio stations • Outlawed strikes

  15. U.S.S.R(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

  16. Joseph Stalin

  17. Stalin’s Rise to Power • Stalin became general secretary of the Communist Party in 1922 • By placing his supporters in key positions, Stalin was able to take total command of the Communist Party by 1928

  18. Communism • An economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people • Private property does not exist • All goods and services are shared equally

  19. Stalin Forms a Totalitarian Government • Totalitarianism – a form of government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life • Business • Family life • Labor • Housing • Religion • Education • The Arts • Youth Groups

  20. Stalin’s Reforms • Industrial Revolution • Consumer good production was cut in favor of heavy industry • Workers were assigned jobs • Agricultural Revolution • Developed collective farms • Wealthy peasant farmers who resisted were eliminated

  21. Stalin’s Purges • Beginning in 1934, Stalin eliminated anyone who threatened his power • By 1939, it is estimated that he was responsible for the deaths of between 8 million and 13 million Russians

  22. Germany

  23. Adolf Hitler

  24. Rise of the Nazis • In 1920, Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party • Chosen der Führer due to his organizational skills as well as his speaking ability • Adopted the Swastika as its symbol

  25. Beer Hall Putsch • 1923 attempt by the Nazis to seize power in Munich • Hitler was arrested and tried for treason • Sentenced to five years in prison, however he only served nine months

  26. Mein Kampf • While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf – “My Struggle” • Set forth his plans for Germany • Aryan master race • Identified sub-humans: Jews, Gypsies, Slavs • Lebensraum – Living space (Russia)

  27. If land was desired in Europe, it could be obtained by and large only at the expense of Russia, and this meant that the new Reich must again set itself on the march along the road of the Teutonic Knights of old, to obtain by the German sword sod for the German plow and daily bread for the nation. - Mein Kampf

  28. Revival of the Nazis • Hitler revived the party after leaving prison in 1924 • The Great Depression hit Germany hard • Loans from America stopped • 30% unemployment • Banks closed • Communist Party gained power • Germans turned to Hitler for leadership

  29. Hitler Becomes Chancellor • By 1932, the Nazis had become the largest political party in Germany • January 1933 – President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor under political pressure • Hitler turned Germany into a Totalitarian State

  30. Other European Dictatorships • Hungary • Poland • Yugoslavia • Albania • Bulgaria • Romania

  31. Democratic Countries • Czechoslovakia • Britain • France • Norway • Sweden • Denmark

  32. Hitler Clip: 2:56 • YouTube - Hitler - Mein Kampf (documentary) First speech as chancelor.

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