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Understanding Fern Spore Development and Gametophyte Formation

Explore the diverse aspects of fern spore types, germination, gametophyte development, gametangia, and reproductive strategies, including apogamy and asexual reproduction in ferns. Uncover the role of fern hormones and the fascinating phenomenon of permanent sporophyte loss in Vittaria appalachiana. Delve into the intricate world of fern reproduction with this comprehensive overview.

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Understanding Fern Spore Development and Gametophyte Formation

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  1. Sporogenesis Fig. 8 in Moran 2004

  2. Fern Spore Types Trilete Spores Bilete Spores

  3. Spore Wall Components Perispore (Derived from Sporangium) Exine (Secreted from Within) Intine (Secreted from Within)

  4. Green Spores Green Spores: 1) Comprise 7% of Fern Spores 2) Contain Chlorophyll 3) Germinate Quickly (1-3 Days after Sowing) 4) Have Short Viability (Days to Months)

  5. Non-Green Spores Non-Green Spores 1) Lack Chlorophyll 2) Can remain Dormant for Years 3) Can form Spore Banks in Soil 4) Buried Spores can be induced to Germinate by Secreted Hormones 5) When exposed to Light, Induced to Germinate

  6. Germinating Spore Fig. 5.8 in Ranker and Haufler 2008

  7. Fern Gametophyte Development

  8. Gametophyte Development: Adiantum Type (I) • Wedge shaped apical cell formed • Lateral divisions of apical cell produce apical meristem • Apical meristem becomes notched Fig. 13-28 in Gifford and Foster 1989

  9. Fern Gametophyte Development II: Ceratopteris Type Gametophyte Development (I) • No apical cell formed • Lateral cells become meristematic • Gametophyte may or may not become notched Fig. 13-28 in Gifford and Foster 1989

  10. Mature Fern Gametophyte

  11. Fern Female Gametangia: Archegonia

  12. Fern Male Gametangia: Antheridia

  13. Fern Gametes and Fertilization

  14. Fern: Young Sporophyte

  15. Consequences of Bisexual Fern Gametophytes

  16. Consequences of Unisexual Fern Gametophytes

  17. Fern Hormone: Antheridiogen

  18. Antheridiogen Effects I

  19. Antheridiogen Effects II

  20. Antheridiogen Effects III Fig. 5.8 in Ranker and Haufler 2008

  21. Alternative to Sex: Asexual Reproduction (Buds) Bulbet Fern (Cystopteris bulbifera)

  22. Alternative to Sex: Asexual Reproduction (Buds) Walking Fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum)

  23. Apogamy (Production of sporophyte without fusion of gametes) (Asplenium, Cheilanthes, Pellaea, etc.) ~ 10% of All Ferns

  24. Apogamy Fig. 2.5 in Ranker and Haufler 2008

  25. Apospory Formation of Gametophytes in Absence of Spores • Usually from outgrowths of leaves or scales Fig. 2.6 in Ranker and Haufler 2008

  26. Permanent Loss of Sporophyte “Appalachia Gametophyte” (Vittaria appalachiana)

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