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Explore the impact of political minority leaders, specifically women and ethnic/racial leaders, coming to power. Analyze the contrasting paths to presidency of Evo Morales and Alejandro Toledo and examine how their ethnic identification and socioeconomic background influenced their leadership approach. Consider different electoral routes, political systems, and strategies for effective governance. Investigate global perceptions of women leaders and the potential benefits of increasing women's representation in power. Address the challenges faced by women in governance and the future trend of women's political power.
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN POLITICAL MINORITES COME TO POWER?WOMEN AND ETHNIC/RACIAL LEADERS
WOULD THE WORLD BE BETTER IF MORE MINORITIES WERE IN POWER? We look at this question using a most similar case comparison with different outcomes: Despite their childhood poverty and discrimination related to their indigenous roots, both Evo Morales (Bolivia, 2006-present) and Alejandro Toledo (Peru, 2001-06) were able to win their country’s presidency through democratic elections that mobilized historically ignored groups. How did their rise to power vary? Revolutionary leaders vs. gradual transformations that bring minorities to power How did their different electoralroutes to the presidency impact their ability to govern? How do political and electoral systems vary in how they give rep. to minorities? How do these systems encourage or discourage the political views and appeals of minorities? Presidential vs. parliamentary systems Proportional representation vs. single-member electoral systems Plurality or majority presidential elections
WOULD THE WORLD BE BETTER IF MORE POLITICIAL MINORITIES WERE IN POWER? How did Morales and Toledo differ with respect to the role that their ethnic identification and socioeconomic background played in their approach to presidential leadership? Comparing their rhetoric and policies, which leader pursued policies of “retribution” and which pursued policies of “forgiveness” and assimilation? What do these terms mean in practical terms? Given your readings on these two leaders as well as those on India’s Nehru, which strategy typically leads to more effective governance?
WOULD THE WORLD BE BETTER IF MORE WOMEN WERE IN POWER? What is Fukuyama’s argument? Why does he think the world would be better with more women? He is a “difference” feminist or a liberal feminist What evidence does he point to sustain his argument? Why do so few women actually govern? Theory vs. reality (support for women when they actually govern) The world has changed more rapidly than political parties and electoral institutions; even authoritarian systems tend to have an incumbency problem What kind of electoral systems elect more women? What is the trend for the future of women’s power? Very bright and it’s mostly related to demographic changes How do women actually govern? Most women in power in non-democratic regimes are spouses and daughters Evidence from Europe points to a critical mass issue Conceptualizing women’s issues in a man’s world may be difficult