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Sustainable Aquaculture

Sustainable Aquaculture. Texas Envirothon -Aquatics- Teacher Workshop January 11 2014 Jenny Oakley Environmental Scientist oakley@uhcl.edu. Aquatic Resource C onsumption. In the US, 16 ½ lbs of seafood/person/year US population (2012): ~314million = ~5.2billion lbs/year

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Sustainable Aquaculture

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  1. Sustainable Aquaculture Texas Envirothon -Aquatics- Teacher Workshop January 11 2014 Jenny Oakley Environmental Scientist oakley@uhcl.edu

  2. Aquatic Resource Consumption • In the US, 16 ½ lbs of seafood/person/year • US population (2012): ~314million = ~5.2billion lbs/year • US imports over half of the seafood it consumes. • Global total production =148.5 million tons in 2010.

  3. Fish is good for you…right? • Institute of Medicine: recommends a diet rich in seafood. • Lean, heart healthy source of protein • But, Is all seafood safe to eat? • PCBs • Heavy metals • DDT • Hormones • Radiation?

  4. Overfishing • Definition: Catching too much fish for the system to support by reproduction. • Economically extinct fisheries • Fishing down the food-chain • Bycatch • Irreversible consequences • Overfishing Video LINK

  5. OMG, we are doomed! • Wait, is this some kind of fish story? • Sample methods • Population numbers = a guess • Middle Ground • Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act -1976- • Sustainable fisheries act of 1996 • National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA) • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • State Parks and Wildlife Department

  6. So… how do we provide food? • Aquaculture production = avg. growth of 6.3 % per year • 2010, value of aquaculture production ~ at $119.4 billion. • Top 10 aquaculture producers In 2010, contributed 87.6 % of world production by quantity.

  7. Aquaculture • Definition: the farming of aquatic organisms. • Output of Aquaculture: • Consumption • Direct: fish market • Indirect: fish meal or byproducts • Stock wild populations • TPWD = 40 million fish in public lakes, ponds, and saltwater bays

  8. What is being produced? • Major cultured species: • Freshwater Fishes: 56.4% • Molluscs: 23.6% • Crustaceans: 9.6% • Diadromous Fishes: 6.0 % • Marine Fishes: 3.1% • Other: 1.4%

  9. Aquaculture Types Farm/Tank vs Ranch/Cage

  10. Aquaculture Products Fish Amphibians Invertebrates Reptiles Plants

  11. Is Aquaculture the Answer?

  12. Environmental Impacts • Loss of natural habitat • Water needs • Coastal areas: Mangroves • Riparian zone: Rivers • Loss of genetic diversity • Brood Stock

  13. Environmental Impacts Cont. • Water Usage • Intake screens • Water rights • Pollution • Eutrophication • Thermal pollution • Disease and Pathogens • Antibiotics, steroids, & drug resistant pathogens

  14. Environmental Impacts Cont. • Escapees • Invasive species • Asian Carp LINK • Genetic pollution • Predator Control • Permitted and Unpermitted control of birds, marine mammals, etc. • Physical removal • Sonar

  15. Environmental Impacts Cont. • Feeding Fish with Fish? • Wild caught fish used to feed aquaculture • Farming carnivores LINK

  16. Sustainability of Aquaculture • Proper site selection • Permitting requirements • Reduce overfeeding • Cuts costs of food • Reduces nutrient buildup • Helps maintain D.O. levels • Polyculture/Aquaponics • Utilizes natural foods efficiently • But is it possible large-scale?

  17. Sustainability of Aquaculture Cont. • Grow vegetarian fish & feed vegetarian food LINK • Closed Loop/Recirculating Systems • Addresses: Water needs, outfall pollution • Increase costs with expensive and complex filtration systems

  18. Sustainability of Aquaculture Cont. • Avoid overstocking • Reduced stress • Reduced disease/pathogen outbreak • Minimize antibiotic use • Sell and Buy Locally • Reduce transportation footprint • Stock native species • Temperature requirements

  19. What can you do? • Make ocean-friendly seafood choices • Avoid unsustainable seafood in the grocery store or restaurants • Ask, where your seafood came from! • Try to eat locally grown seafood (Regional) • Spread the word!

  20. Questions? Jenny Oakley oakley@uhcl.edu

  21. Dichotomous Key

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