Aquaculture Opportunities and Challenges: from Subsistence to Sustainable Aquaculture. Is there a roadmap?

1. Aquaculture Opportunities and Challenges: from Subsistence to Sustainable Aquaculture. Is there a roadmap? Charles C. Ngugi PhD Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya Email: cngugi@africaonline.co.ke

2. Global population and needs • More than six billion people now live on Earth (recent census by the UN) all sharing 3 pressing needs: • habitat • water • Food • Over 1 billion people worldwide rely on fish as • an important source of animal protein

3. Highlights: • Global Fisheries and Aquaculture • Kenya Fisheries and Aquaculture • Subsistence and Sustainable Aquaculture • Opportunities and Challenges • Future direction–Research and Technology – The road map

4. Global Fisheries and Aquaculture

5. Trend in World Fish Production • Capture fisheries, including marine and inland water production, decreased from 94.8 in 2000 to about 92 million tons in 2001 • Leveling off of the capture fisheries is now a general trend • Most fisheries have being fully exploited

6. State of World Aquaculture • After growing steadily, particularly in the last 4 decades, aquaculture is for the first time set to contribute 50% of the fish consumed by the human population worldwide • Production has increased from 1Million MT in 1950 to 51.7Million MT in 2006 accounting for over 47% of the world’s fish food supply • This trend is projected to continue, reaching 60 % by 2020 Source: FAO 2009, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008

7. Aquaculture has potential ! “Aquaculture production has continually outstrippedprojections, and there is little reason to believe that it will not continue to do so.” (World Bank. 2006. Aquaculture: changing the face of the waters. World Bank Report No. 36622-GLB. Washington, DC.)

8. Aquaculture Continues to Grow ! • “The aquaculture sector in developing and developed countries has witnessed spectacularproduction increases over the past two decades • There is nothing to suggest that this will change.” Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2007. Globalization and Fisheries. Proceedings of an OECD–FAO workshop. Paris.

9. Opportunities in Aquaculture • Aquaculture is growing faster globally than other animal protein-producing sectors • 9.2% Aquaculture annually • 1.4% capture fisheries • 2.8% farmed meat

10. SSA Per Capita Fish supply from Aquaculture

11. Demand for fish in SSA Aquaculture has been slow to develop in SSA Africa but demand for fish will grow rapidly because of: • continued rapid population growth • reasonable economic growth • nutritional importance of fish in the African diet

12. Aquaplosion in Africa • Egypt • Nigeria • South Africa • Ghana • Malawi • Zimbabwe • Uganda • Kenya • Mali • Tilapia production over 300,000mt • Catfish production on the increase • Farming in the sea – shell fishes • Cage culture – Tropo -Volta • Cage culture – MALDECO • Cage culture- Lake Harvest • Cage culture –SON and Bait • Pond culture – Dominion, the ESP • Rice and Fish – Country to watch!

13. Egypt Aquaculture

14. Kenya Fisheries and Aquaculture

15. Kenya -located on the east coast of Africa, almost equally bisected by the Equator. Covers an area of 580,000 km2. • Over 38 m people with Abundant Terrestrial and Marine Resources

16. Fisheries in Kenya Annual fish production in 2007 stood at 136,355MT – for the first time Lake Victoria contributed less than 90%. Aquaculture contribution has been at 1,000MT. Since 2007 production has risen to 4,500MT Annually

18. Aquaculture and Poverty Reduction (i) Wealth generation at the Household level and distribution within households (ii) Engine for Rural development at Community level (iii) Economic growth at National level

19. Growing interest is in Nile tilapia now distributed Globally Small holder Fish farmers ponds are stocked with tilapia and catfish

20. Other Systems and Practices • Cage culture including Pond cum Cage • Reservoirs – Restocking -Stock enhancement • Raceways – Trout • Crab culture in the mangroves • Milk fish farming in the marine • Prawn culture in the brackishwaters • Sea weed Culture in the marine

21. From Subsistence to Sustainable Aquaculture

22. Subsistence Sustainable Aquaculture Social to Economic: We need Science and Technology The road Map !

23. Definition of terms • Subsistence agriculture : is Self sufficiency farming in which farmers focus on growing enough food to feed their families. Planting decisions are made with an eye to family needs during the coming year, rather than market prices. • Sustainable agriculture: integrates 3 main goals --environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. • Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations

24. The Transition • Subsistence Sustainable Aquaculture • Sufficiency: food for families - Social obligation (Subsidies) Sustainable: integrates – • environmental health, • economic profitability, • social and economic equity.

25. Aquaculture Transition - Extensive to Intensive Large Scale and Commercial Production Technology Investment Stocking Feed Risk Water quality Small and Medium Enterprises Household Food Security

26. Feeds Fingerlings Fuels Spares Cage Materials Transportation Inputs to Labour Skilled Jobs Consultants Fish Production Ice/Cold Storage Processing Transportation Wholesaling, Retailing AquacultureDevelopment Shifts to Business Opportunities and Job Creation through Value Chain

27. Aquaculture Drivers • Seed • Feed • Infrastructure • Capital or access to credit • Technology and Information • Markets or Market Orientation

28. Role of Government in driving the sector • Formulate –Policy, Legislation, Interventions • Set clear priorities - be realistic about the role and capacity of Government • Support Commercial Aquaculture • Support viable Research and Technology • Encourage Public and Private initiative

29. Build infrastructure (esp. roads, electricity) Dominion Farm Support Private Sector Initiative

30. Establish Hatcheries to supply quality seed Support Training and Research

31. Regulate and assist feed development Eliminate import duties on fish feeds and equipment

32. Develop markets Local and foreign Marketing chain Value addition Linkages Quality control

33. Kenya Government release ~US $ 15 Million for Aquaculture through Economic Stimulus Programme

34. ESP and Aquaculture Dev Short term intervention ESP 2-3 yrs Long term Programme 5, 10, 15 yrs Bigger Picture Vision (aim) Mission Strategy Plan of Action Impact – increased prod Spin off – Commercial • Launch, stimulate, catapult • Seed - Fingerling • Feed • Job creation

35. Matching Research Priorities to National Objectives Motivation (legal framework or money ?) Scale (investment)

36. What does not help • Drive development through building big unproductive Aquaculture stations • Subside fish farms operations and create a dependency syndrome • Spend a lot of time and money on elaborate policy instruments when no money is available for implementation

37. So! Government should • Know if there is no money for subsidies and it is not economical, it is not sustainable • Work from a sound business/marketing plan • Look first to Local/regional markets, but get products OUT of the village. • Assume a facilitating role – and never walk alone!

38. Opportunities and Challenges

39. Farming Techniques and Practices • Ponds, raceways, pens, tanks, and cages • Same principles: • Release recruits (juvenile fish) into pens or ponds, • Feeds them for some time, • Harvests them at an appropriate market weight. • Decide to market small fish by short rotations or larger fish with longer rotations (Fingerling or Food fish) • The farmer’s two most important decisions in the production process are then: • when to transfer the juvenile fish to the pond, pen or cage • when to harvest the fish

40. Cost Benefit Analysis • Cost of moving one m2 soil is US$ 1.0-1.6 (Kshs 80-120). • A 300 m2 takes 140 man days • Production per unit now stands at 0.5 Kg fish/m2 • With improved management practice 1m2 should produce 1kg fish that translates to 10 Mt/ha/yr

41. Nile Tilapia grown in ponds at difference management levels

42. Better management increases yield

43. Carrying capacity: the biomass at which production stops; is a function of species, management practice, and environment (ponds have a limit)

45. Challenges with scarce Resources such as Finance, Land, water, good soil etc And how we use available resources!

46. Future Directions

47. Integrated Aquaculture • Integrate aquaculture with irrigation schemes -- rice-cum-fish culture • encouraging investment-oriented aquaculture by progressive farmers and entrepreneurs in peri-urban areas • Encourage stock enhancement based aquaculture in small and medium-size water bodies, focusing on reservoirs and eventually on medium-size lakes and river floodplains

48. Clustering Farmers • Farmers organized into clusters • Facilitate flow of knowledge between scientists and farmers • Promote adherence to best aquaculture practices • Farmers allowed to self-manage and self-regulate within clusters

49. Bidii Cluster Farmers

50. Through Clusters, we can train, map resources and provide services to farmers