Expectations

1. Expectations • Effort • Attitude

2. Why study history? “To gain access to the laboratory of the human experience.” -American Historical Society To develop an enhanced capacity for: Informed Citizenship Critical Thinking Awareness

3. Multiple Perspectives • Beware of Bias! • What Contributes to Bias? • Experience • Education • Environment • Who’s Bias? • Zinn • Beard • Mr. Schmitz • Mr. Brewer

4. About me • Studied Politics at Whitman College in Walla Walla Washington • White middle class • Politically left leaning • Student teacher at Seattle U • Grew up in Chile

5. My Experience with US History • State Hero of Connecticut • Captured an executed on an intelligence gathering mission during the battle of Long Island in 1776 • “I only regret I have but one life to live for my country.”

6. What is a Nation-State?

7. This Week: Critical Period Treaty of Paris – 1783 Constitutional Convention - 1787

8. Growing Pains

9. Today: • “The Articles of Confederation” 1777-1781 (Jeeze Maryland) • Federalism • Treaty of Paris

10. Democracy “Democracy is nothing more than mob rule, were fifty-one percent of the people may take away rights of the other forty nine.” -Thomas Jefferson

11. First Government: “A Firm League of Friendship” • Effective Central Government needed because of Wartime Urgency • Progress was slow 1777-1781 because fear of a central authority and debate between states over extensive land claims. • 6 Drafts: Franklin – Dickinson (x3) • United STATES of America vs. UNITED States of America

13. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation -Political -Economic -Foreign Policy

14. Political Weaknesses • NO Executive Branch • NO National Court System • UNICAMERAL Congress • ONE Vote for each state regardless of size • Amendments Required UNANIMOUS consent • Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence

15. Federalism National Government State Government

16. Articles of Confederation National Government State Government

17. Economic Weaknesses • Congress could NOT impose taxes. • Congress could NOT regulate commerce. • Individual states could impose tariffs on other states.

18. Treaty of Paris (Part Deux) • Signed in 1783 in the city of… • Ended the revolutionary war and recognized independence of who? • Established US boundaries • Jay, Adams, and Franklin

19. Complicated Negotiations… • The Americans/thirteen states wanted… • The British wanted… • The French wanted… • Why did the Americans and British broker their own treaty?

20. Stipulations • Regulated expansion of the US by establishing boundaries. • Was supposed to guarantee fair treatment of loyalists. • Prisoner exchange • Debt collection, regardless of nationality • British troops were supposed to leave the United States

21. Foreign Policy Problems • British built forts, disrupted trade, armed natives • Colonies can’t trade with British colonies in the West Indies • Spanish banned American shipping along the Mississippi • France demands repayment for helping with the war

22. Barbary Pirates

23. Dissent Amongst the Troops • Greatest potential danger to the success of the American Revolution = the disintegration of the Continental Army. • After 1780 Congress promised officers lifetime pension of half their pay. • 1782, Financier Robert Morris stopped army pay as a cost saving measure.

24. Newburgh Conspiracy • Threatened uprising of the Continental Army • So called because a letter was circulating the amongst the officers at their camp in Newburgh, New York on March 10, 1783. It had been a hot topic of debate throughout 1782 • Washington reacts and calls a meeting of the officers on March 15.

25. Conspiracy? • Credited to John Armstrong, some historians believe it was sent by nationalists in Congress in order to give congress power over the states. • Some believe that nationalists simply took advantage of the situation.

26. Successes of the AOC: $$$ • Land Ordinance of 1784 • Written by Thomas Jefferson calling on congress to develop land west of the Appalachians and north of the Ohio River into 10 separate states. • Didn’t have a game plan.

27. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Set forth how the government would measure, divide, and distribute the land it had acquired from the Treaty of Paris. • A way for the Continental Congress to make money. • Territory was to be divided into individual townships, 6 miles in length, divided into 36 separate square miles of territory. • Was the precedent for westward expansion until the homestead act of 1862

28. Breakdown • Each section encompasses 640 acres • Section 16 (And later 36) were set aside for Public School • 8, 11, 26, 29 to provide veterans with land bounties after the Revolutionary War. • Government would sell the rest at public auction, minimum was $640 per section or $1 per acre. • Roughly 260,000sq miles

29. Question to Consider What’s the best government for a new nation? Consider: debt, fragmentation, decision making

30. Federalists • Wanted a strong central government • Alexander Hamilton and James Madison • Federalist Papers

31. Anti-federalists • Were afraid of a centralized government • Patrick Henry and Sam Adams • Why?

32. For Tomorrow Finish the vocabulary section of the worksheet Watch the videos and fill out the worksheet Be prepared for a cooperative learning lesson