Mechanical Systems Inc. Safety Training

1. New Hire Orientation Mechanical Systems Inc.Safety Training

2. Topics • Safety Policy, Roles, and Disciplinary action • Lock-out Tag-out (LOTO) • Hearing Conservation (HCP) • Respiratory Protection (RPP) • Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) • Benzene (C6H6) • Lead (Pb) • Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) • Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) • First Aid and Emergency Response (FA & ER)

3. Statement of Premise • It should be noted that all the topics contained in the training are premised by two factors: • Meetings prior to the start of work between the Foreman, Site Supervisor, or Safety Consultant and the client’s Plant Manager or Safety Director to determine existing conditions, safety programs used by the client, and results of past air monitoring • Site and air quality assessments by either our Foreman or Safety Consultant prior to the start of work to determine which program elements need to be implemented to protect the safety and health of our workers

4. MSI Safety Policy NO JOB OR TASK IS SO IMPORTANT THAT IT CANNOT BE DONE SAFELY • Any violation of safety policy or program, including not wearing required PPE (or wearing incorrectly), using incorrect tools or equipment, or general horseplay or “sloppiness” in work will be punished • Worker safety behavior will be considered in all performance reviews and promotions

5. Safety Enforcement Roles • Foremen and Site Supervisors are required to observe all work behavior, and act accordingly to correct/discipline people • Workers are expected to follow all safety and work rules, and remind each other • If a Foreman or Site Supervisor is not conducting themselves properly or allowing unsafe behavior to exist, that worker is required to report it to HSSE.

6. Disciplinary Action • First offense: written warning, copies to employee’s personnel file. • Second offense: written warning, suspension for ½ or full day without pay. • Third offense: written warning, suspension for three days without pay and/or immediate termination.

7. Written Warnings • Not wearing PPE when required. • Horseplay. • Unsafe work habits. • Violations of other safety rules/regulations.

8. Suspension • Three or more safety violations of the same type. • General overall record of unsafe practices. • Refusal to follow safety guidelines or instructions.

9. Immediate termination • Theft of Property • Willful damage or mutilation of company or client property. • Possession of Firearms or weapons on site. • Sleeping on the job. • Under the influence or possession of drugs or alcohol on site. • Refusal to accept work assignment. • Fighting. • Gambling. • Absence of two consecutive days without proper notification. • Gross insubordination.

10. Third offenses resulting in immediate termination • Horseplay • Violation of safety rules. • Failure to report job related accident or injury. • Unsatisfactory work. • Excessive tardiness. • Willful delay of production.

11. Protection against energy or accidental release of energy while performing maintenance work Lock-out Tag-out Program

12. Lockout-Tagout • In the course of your work, you will encounter equipment or machines that need to be “shut down” to prevent the release of energy while working • Program will provide a basic overview of: • Recognition of hazardous energy sources • Determination of magnitude of energy • Devices and means for isolating/controlling energy • Limitations on the use of “tags” when locks cannot be used • Purpose and use of energy control procedures • NOTE: Job-specific retraining will be conducted onsite, as new or unfamiliar equipment is encountered

13. Recognition of Energy Sources • The most prominent energy form you will encounter is electricity, which can cause electrocution or accidental equipment start-up • Other forms of hazardous energy that could cause injury or accidental equipment startup: • Pneumatic (pressurized gas) • Steam (super-heated water) • Hydraulic (pressurized liquid) • Tension (spring or other stored mechanical energy) • Potential (weight at a height, gravity provides energy)

14. Determine Sources of Energy • Foreman and Site Supervisors will be responsible for determining the sources and magnitude of energy. They will meet with the Plant Manager, Safety Director, or Maintenance Manager prior to the start of workto create and approve LOTO procedures and checklists • For electrical equipment, the power magnitude is available at the circuit breaker, sub-panel, or placard where line enters the machine. • For pressurized lines and systems, either a gauge or placard on the machine will indicate magnitude • For tension and potential energy in equipment, a placard or manufactures manual will indicate magnitude of stored energy.

15. Concept of LOTO • “Locking out” means turning off power sources and using a lock to prevent anyone from turning the power back on. • Under special circumstances, it may be impossible to either shutdown an entire process, or effective place a lock on a switch or valve. • Under those circumstance, a tag will be affixed to the “off” point, describing the need for this switch or valve to remain off, date/time it will likely be turned back on, and who is conducting the work.

16. Lockout-Tagout Devices • Each project crew will be assigned a set of locks and tags. Only the Foreman or Site Supervisor will retain the keys, as they are the only ones authorized to inspect a job and make the decision to remove a lock or tag. • For valves, levers, buttons, switches, and other equipment not equipped with a lock-hold, special molded covers will be obtained to prevent access once it has been closed, and that cover will be locked. • Only where locks or molded covers cannot be used may tags be used to inform people that a valve, lever, button, or switch should not be opened or activated because of work being done on the equipment. This is the least effective means to protect workers from energy and accidental activation. The Tag will ID the Forman/Supervisor.

17. LOTO Procedures • For each project, prior to the start of work the Forman or Site Super will meet with the Plant Manager, Safety Director, or Maintenance Manager to determine which equipment will need LOTO procedures, and create a checklist for controlling and isolating energy sources. • The Forman or Site Super will be required to obtain the necessary locks and covers to complete the LOTO procedures, and train their work crew on the location of energy sources and how those sources will be controlled. • The Forman or Site Super will oversee the isolating of energy and locking/tagging. Once complete, they will also be responsible for activating the equipment to verify energy was isolated and remove any stored energy.

18. LOTO Procedures • In some cases, the energy may need to be returned prior to completion of the job. In these situations, the Forman or Site Supervisor will do the following before re-activation: • Clear away all tools, equipment, and people • Remove the LOTO device(s) • Energize equipment/system and conduct test of function, while having a look-out worker “at ready” to deactivate if Foreman or Site Super finds something wrong while conducting the test • Before work may proceed on the job, the full LOTO procedure/checklist must be completed

19. LOTO Evaluation and Follow-up • At the completion of each job, the Foreman and Site Supervisor will review the effectiveness of the LOTO procedures and checklists used. • If any defect or discrepancy is identified, they should discuss it with the Plant Manager, Safety Director, or Maintenance Manager • If procedures and checklists were effective, then they should be retained for future use, and submitted to the Safety Consultant for review and addition to the training program

20. Protection of hearing ability through noise monitoring, education, personal protective equipment, and audiometric testing Hearing Conservation Program

21. Hearing Conservation • The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) contends that occupational hearing loss is “100% Preventable” • MSI employees will be trained on the hazards associated with noise, how to select and use hearing protection, and responsibilities for employees covered by the hearing conservation program • All hearing protection costs associated with the hearing conservation program will be covered by MSI.

22. Noise Physics and Ear Anatomy • Noise amplitude is measure in (decibels), which reflect the “sound pressure”. • The greater the amplitude, the louder the noise, and the more energy absorbed by the ear. • Your outer ear collects sound from your environment and channels it into the ear canal, where cilia (tiny hairs) and inner ear transmit sound energy to mechanical energy to electrical signals to the brain (where we interpret sound).

23. Hearing Loss • Hearing loss comes from physical damage to the ear, ear disease or infection, and old age • If exposed to high amplitude sound for a lengthy period of time, the cilia will become damaged and no longer transmit signals, resulting in “ringing” (tinnitus) • If removed from noise, cilia can recover • If continuously exposed (above 90 dB) or exposed short-term at a level above 140 dB, then the damage can be permanent

24. Hearing Protection • “Ear muffs” or “ear plugs” dampens the sound energy, and allows a lower energy to reach the inner ear • Hearing protection is given a “noise reduction rating” or NRR, as an indication of its noise dampening ability • For example, if you were exposed to a noise level of 105 dBA and wore ear plugs with NRR=30, then OSHA would say you were being exposed to: 105-(30-7)= 82 dBA • However, hearing protection doesn’t work if you don’t take care of it and use it properly • MSI will cover all costs associated with hearing protection and administration of the hearing conservation program

25. What level of noise is hazardous? • OSHA states that anyone exposed to a “time weighted average” (not to exceed 130 dBA) over 90 dBA must wear hearing protection and covered by the hearing conservation program (HCP) • Participants in the HCP are required to get a baseline audiometric test, and annual tests thereafter. • A permanent hearing loss of 15 dBA is called a “standard threshold shift”, and is recordable as a workplace illness (and requires follow-up) • Through worksite noise assessments, annual audiometric testing, training, and proper use of hearing protection, you can protect your hearing ability

26. Hearing Conservation Program • Any employees exposed to over 85 dBA for an 8-hour TWA will be included in the hearing conservation program • The program consists of: • Baseline and annual audiograms to track any changes in hearing ability • Required use of hearing protection • Annual training on hazard associated with noise and proper use and care of hearing protection • Employees who experience a standard threshold shift in hearing, will be notified of the result and given special attention to reduce work exposure to noise

27. Protecting worker health and safety via respirators when engineering controls are unable to keep airborne contaminants below permissible exposure levels Respiratory Protection Program

28. Respiratory Protection • When hazardous gasses, vapors, fumes, and airborne particulate cannot be controlled through ventilation or filtration, then workers must wear respirators to filter the air or provide safe air for breathing. • This training session will cover: • When respirators must be worn • How to determine the proper respirator • What type of “medical clearance” respirator users need • Fit testing • How to inspect, clean, don, doff, and seal-check a respirator • How often you will need re-evaluation and re-training

29. When are Respirators worn? • MSI will attempt to control airborne hazards with ventilation and filtration (e.g. during welding, cutting) • Air monitoring will be conducted on a regular basis to assess ambient levels and personal exposure • If results indicate workers are exposed near or above an OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL), then employees will be required to wear respirators that either filter-out (or absorb) the air contaminant, or in extreme cases, provide safety breathing air on its own (e.g. air line or SCBA) • MSI will cover all costs associated with this program

30. Determining Appropriate Respirator • The first step in determining the proper respirator is to determine the air contaminant and assess worker exposure • For air-purifying respirators (APR), need to select the cartridge capable of filtering out contaminant(s) • If exposure exceeds the APR’s protection factor, then safe breathing air must be supplied via an air line or tank (SCBA) • If the contaminant is an eye irritant, then a full-faced respirator is needed (supplied air is normally full-faced)

31. Determining Worker’s Ability to Wear a Respirator • Anyone who may need to wear a respirator must first be cleared by a Physician to be physically capable of safely wearing one • Wearing a respirator places greater stress on the respiratory system • SCBAs and full-faced airline respirators are heavy and demand greater physical condition • MSI employees will undergo a pulmonary function test, and complete a medical questionnaire in order to be medically-cleared to wear a respirator

32. Fit Testing a Respirator • All workers who are medically-cleared to wear an APR, will be fit tested with a half-faced mask • No beards or facial hair are allowed because the prevent a seal between the respirator and skin • Employees will undergo annual fit testing, using the qualitative “irritant smoke” while performing a battery of movements while iterating the rainbow passage • Employees who fail the fit test (after several attempts) will be given a different model and retested

33. Respirator Care • You must keep your respirator clean and in good working condition • Use alcohol wipes in the field to clean the inside • Store your clean respirator in a bag or “sealable” container • Inspect the intake covers and exhaust cover for proper fit and condition • Inspect straps for condition and function • When you return home from job, disassemble your respirator and wash it with soap and water

34. Cartridge Change Plan • For air-purifying respirators, you will need to use the proper cartridge for removal of the identified air contaminant • Some cartridges are equipped with a colorimetric box indicating “capacity” • Based on exposure monitoring and published capacities of the cartridges, your safety consultant will be able to identify a change schedule • Otherwise, if you ever detect an odor to symptom related to the air contaminant, you are instructed to leave the work area and report to either the Foreman or Safety Consultant for respirator inspection and site assessment

35. Donning, Doffing, & Seal Check • Technical terms for “putting on” and “taking off” • To “put on” your respirator, first place the face piece properly on your face then “clip” the top strap and tighten, then “clip” the bottom strap and tighten • To “remove” your respirator, just do the reverse • To check the seal of your respirator: • Negative check: cover the cartridges with the palms of your hands and breathe in and hold it. • Did the face piece “suck in”? Then you have a seal. • Positive check: cover the exhale port with the palm of your hand and breathe out. • Did the face piece “bulge out”? Then you have a seal. • If you fail, remove, inspect, re-doff, and retest the seal

36. RPP Training and Updates • You will receive training annually, along with updates/corrections identified while administering the program in the field • You will need to complete a medical questionnaire annually, and only receive a PFT when required by the Physician • Annual fit testing will coincide with training • At any point during the year, anyone who loses/gains a lot of weight or experiences a change in face structure will need to undergo fit testing and evaluation

37. Education on how to recognize, evaluate, and avoid Health Hazard: Hydrogen Sulfide

38. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) • Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. Because it is heavier than air it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces. Although very pungent at first, it quickly deadens the sense of smell, so potential victims may be unaware of its presence until it is too late. • Where can you find H2S: • byproduct of the petroleum, viscose rayon, rubber, and mining industries. • Organic decomposition of sulfur compounds in sewers, barns, ships' holds, and sulfur springs • The petroleum industry is responsible for most cases of H2S toxicity in North America.

39. Hydrogen Sulfide • Hydrogen sulfide is considered a broad-spectrum poison, meaning that it can poison several different systems in the body, although the nervous system is most affected. • The toxicity of H2S is comparable with that of hydrogen cyanide. It forms a complex bond with iron in the mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes, thereby blocking oxygen from binding and stopping cellular respiration. • Since hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally in the environment and the gut, enzymes exist in the body capable of detoxifying it by oxidation to (harmless) sulfate. Hence low levels of sulfide may be tolerated indefinitely. However, at some threshold level, the oxidative enzymes will be overwhelmed.

40. Effects of Exposure to H2S • Exposure to lower concentrations can result in eye irritation, a sore throat and cough, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs. These symptoms usually go away in a few weeks. Long-term, low-level exposure may result in fatigue, loss of appetite, headaches, irritability, poor memory, and dizziness. • 0.0047 ppm is the recognition threshold, the concentration at which 50% of humans can detect the characteristic rotten egg odor of hydrogen sulfide • 10-20 ppm is the borderline concentration for eye irritation. • 50-100 ppm leads to eye damage. • At 150-250 ppm the olfactory nerve is paralyzed after a few inhalations, and the sense of smell disappears, often together with awareness of danger, • 320-530 ppm leads to pulmonary edema with the possibility of death. • 530-1000 ppm causes strong stimulation of the central nervous system and rapid breathing, leading to loss of breathing; • 800 ppm is the lethal concentration for 50% of humans for 5 minutes exposition • Concentrations over 1000 ppm cause immediate collapse with loss of breathing, even after inhalation of a single breath.

41. How to Prevent/Control Exposure • Using a 4-gas confined space meter, hydrogen sulfide levels will be monitored throughout the shift • When airborne levels reach 20 ppm (OSHA Ceiling PEL), employees will be instructed to wear full-faced APR respirators • If airborne levels reach 100 ppm (OSHA IDLH Level), employees will be instructed to leave the work area, and can only return if wearing an airline with rescue tank or SCBA with full face piece • If at any time, a person wearing an APR smells “rotten eggs”, they will need to leave the work area to acquire new respirator cartridges or to conduct a seal-check

42. Education on how to recognize, evaluate, and avoid Health Hazard: Benzene

43. Benzene (C6H6) • Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon (sometimes called a volatile organic compound or VOC) that is produced by the burning of natural products. It is a component of products derived from coal and petroleum and is found in gasoline and other fuels. • Research has shown benzene to be a carcinogen (cancer-causing). With exposures from less than five years to more than 30 years, individuals have developed, and died from, leukemia. Long-term exposure may affect bone marrow and blood production. Short-term exposure to high levels of benzene can cause drowsiness, dizziness, unconsciousness, and death.

44. Benzene Exposure Limits • Liquid at standard temperature and pressure, but its volatility causes rapid vaporization, making it respirable • Smells like a “solvent”, and for years was used as a common degreaser or used to clean oil-based paint • Has very low OSHA exposure limits: • PEL: 1 ppm for 8-hour TWA • STEL: 5 ppm for 15-minute TWA • However, the final OSHA Benzene standard in 1910.1028 applies to all occupational exposures to benzene except some subsegments of industry where exposures are consistently under the action level (i.e., distribution and sales of fuels, sealed containers and pipelines, coke production, oil and gas drilling and production, natural gas processing, and the percentage exclusion for liquid mixtures); for the excepted subsegments, the benzene limits in Table Z-2 apply (i.e., an 8-hour TWA of 10 ppm, an acceptable ceiling of 25 ppm, and 50 ppm for a maximum duration of 10 minutes as an acceptable maximum peak above the acceptable ceiling).

45. Health Effects of Benzene • Exposure Routes: inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact • Symptoms: Irritation eyes, skin, nose, respiratory system; dizziness; headache, nausea, staggered gait; anorexia, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); dermatitis; bone marrow depression; [potential occupational carcinogen]

46. How to Prevent/Control Exposure • When Benzene is suspected to be present, the Foreman or Site Supervisor will conduct air monitoring to assessment ambient levels • All effort will be made to either control the release through work methods • If Benzene cannot be contained, ventilation will be used to remove it from the work area • If Benzene still exists in the work environment, workers will be required to wear “coveralls” (Tyvek suits), gloves, and full-faced respirators, APR at low levels with VOC cartridges, or airline+escape tank or SCBA at higher levels

47. Education on how to recognize, evaluate, and avoid Health Hazard: Lead

48. Lead (Pb) • Lead is a poisonous metal that can damage nervous connections (especially in young children) and cause blood and brain disorders. Long term exposure to lead or its salts (especially soluble salts or the strong oxidant PbO2) can cause nephropathy, and colic-like abdominal pains • Lead “accumulates” in humans, so exposures must be limited to prevent future illness caused by long-term exposures

49. Lead Exposure • The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) is 0.050 mg/m3; the OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for lead in "non-ferrous foundries with less than 20 employees" is 0.075 mg/m3. • IDLH is 100 mg/m3 • Exposure Routes inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact • Symptoms: weakness, exhaustion, insomnia, weight loss, constipation, abdominal pain, colic; anemia; tremor; paralysis wrist, ankles; kidney disease; irritation eyes; hypotension • At low levels, a full-faced APR can be used (up to 0.5 mg/m3); above 0.5, only supplied air line+escape tank or SCBA is used

50. Lead Exposure Assessment • If airborne lead is present, full-shift personal sampling is needed to determine if exposure is above the OSHA “action level” of 0.03 mg/m3 for an 8-hour TWA (regardless of respirator use) • Employees are required to receive personal monitoring results within 15 days of receipt • If a worker is found to be exposed above the action level for more than 30 days per year, they will be included in the medical surveillance program • All effort will be made to control airborne lead via engineering controls