Teacher Resource Supplement to “ Schoolhouse Activists ” Lecture

1. Teacher Resource Supplement to “Schoolhouse Activists” Lecture Tondra L. Loder-Jackson The University of Alabama at Birmingham “Stony the Road We Trod”: Exploring Alabama’s Civil Rights Legacy NEH Summer Teacher Institute July 23, 2018

2. Birmingham Education Timeline • 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation; 1st school for freed Blacks established in (Huntsville) Alabama • 1865 – Civil War ended; Freedmen’s Bureau (FB) established; FB & American Missionary Association (AMA) promote Black education. • 1867-78 – Black Reconstructionist legislators fight to establish public schools for Black children in Alabama; Booker T. Washington embarks on ambitious rural Black school development. Schoolhouse Activists

3. Birmingham Education Timeline • 1871 – Birmingham is founded • 1874 – 1st Birmingham public elementary school for White children • 1876-77 – Black community efforts to establish “Free” Colored School • 1881 – Booker T. Washington et al. founded Tuskegee Institute • 1883 – 1st Birmingham public elementary school for Black children • 1900 – 1st public high school for Black children • Industrial High School for Negroes, later named A. H. Parker High School Schoolhouse Activists

4. Birmingham Education Timeline • 1903 – Carrie Tuggle et al. founded Tuggle Institute • 1900s-1930s – New schools erected • 1940s – Teacher salary equalization cases • 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education • 1955 – Brown v. Board of Education, II • 1957 – Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth & family attempt to integrate Phillips High School (now Phillips Academy) • 1963 – Graymont, Ramsay, & West End schools desegregated • 1963-1983 – Four integration plans enacted Schoolhouse Activists

5. Birmingham Education Timeline • 1983-present – • Resegregation • District splintering • https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/magazine/the-resegregation-of-jefferson-county.html • School choice Schoolhouse Activists

6. Arthur Harold Parker http://www.bplonline.org/resources/exhibits/ParkerA.H/gallery/parker/index.html Schoolhouse Activists

7. Carrie Tuggle: The “Female Booker T. Washington” https://bplonline.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/search/searchterm/carrie%20tuggle Schoolhouse Activists

8. White Advocates for Black Education • John Herbert Phillips • http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/m-4061 • Samuel Ullman • https://www.uab.edu/ullmanmuseum/biography Schoolhouse Activists

9. Archival & Oral History Resources • Alabama Department of Archives & History • http://www.archives.alabama.gov/research.html • Birmingham Civil Rights Institute • www.bcri.org • Birmingham Public Library • http://www.bplonline.org/virtual/ • See “Booker T. Washington & The Shiloh Baptist Church Tragedy” • http://www.bplonline.org/resources/exhibits/Shiloh/default.htm • Duke University • https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/uarchives Schoolhouse Activists

10. Archival & Oral History Resources • National Council for the Social Studies • https://www.socialstudies.org/teacherslibrary/how-do-it-oral-history-projects • https://www.socialstudies.org/publications/ssyl/september-october2010/using_oral_history_in_the_elementary_school_classroom • Primary Research & Writing: People, Places, & Spaces, Lynn Lewis Gaillet & Michelle F. Eble • https://www.routledge.com/Primary-Research-and-Writing-People-Places-and-Spaces/Gaillet-Eble/p/book/9781138785571 • Southern Oral History Program • http://sohp.org/ • http://sohp.org/resources-2/ Schoolhouse Activists

11. CRM & Black History Resources • AFT • https://www.aft.org/education/classroom-resources-teach-about-civil-rights-and-social-justice • Birmingham Civil Rights Institute (BCRI) Curriculum Guide • https://www.bcri.org/curriculum-guide/ • MSU Milestones in Black History • http://libguides.lib.msu.edu/c.php?g=95622&p=624423 • Oral History Resources for Teachers • http://www.oralhistory.org/education/ • PBS • https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/civil/#.WzTuEdJKiM8 • Teaching Tolerance • https://www.tolerance.org/magazine/publications/civil-rights-done-right Schoolhouse Activists

12. CRM & LGBTQ • Bayard Rustin • I Must Resist: Bayard Rustin’s Life in Letters • Brother Outsider: The Life of Bayard Rustin, http://www.pbs.org/pov/brotheroutsider/ • James Baldwin • I Am Not Your Negro, http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/i-am-not-your-negro/ • Lorraine Hansberry, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/lorraine-hansberry-sighted-eyes-feeling-heart-biography/9877/ Schoolhouse Activists

13. CRM & LGBTQ • Activists Supporting Gay Rights • Reverend Joseph Lowery • Congressman John Lewis • Julian Bond • Reverend Jesse Jackson • Reverend William Barber • Reverend Al Sharpton Schoolhouse Activists

14. Tips on UnearthingOral Histories • Begin with your personal network – family, friends, neighbors, civic groups, etc. • Talk to local educators. • Visit school warehouses & storage rooms. • Acquaint yourself with archivists at libraries (don’t forget your own alumni institutions!), museums, and historic sites. • Research digital archives. • Attend community forums. • Embark on your own oral history project. Schoolhouse Activists

15. Reflection Questions • What parallels do you observe between educators’ involvement in the Alabama CRM compared to educators in your own state or region? • Compare and contrast the role of Black teacher associations and post-Brown integrated teacher associations such as NEA and AFT. What was gained? What was lost? • Teachers today are organizing – many of them, independent of union affiliations. Is this is a positive or negative sign? How long can this organic type of organizing be sustained? (Also consider in light of the recent Supreme Court’s recent Janus ruling striking down non-union-member mandatory dues.) Schoolhouse Activists

16. Contact Information • Tondra L. Loder-Jackson, Ph.D. • Professor (Fall ‘18), Educational Foundations Program • Secondary Appointment, African American Studies Program • UAB School of Education • Department of Human Studies • EB 207, 1720 2nd AVE South • Birmingham, AL 35294-1250 • E-mail: tloder@uab.edu • Web page: http://www.uab.edu/education/home/faculty-directory/36-tondra-l-loder-jackson • Office phone: (205) 934-8304 Schoolhouse Activists