Building Environmental Systems

1. Building Environmental Systems Objectives: • What are BES? • What do Architectural Engineers do with BES? • What BES courses will you have to take? • What additional options are there? • Why is knowledge of BES useful to an architectural engineer?

2. What are BES? • Mechanical • Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) • Electrical • Power generation • Distribution • Lighting • Plumbing • Specialty and communication • Acoustics and noise control • Transport

3. Where are BES? 3D model – Biomedical Engineering (BME) Building

4. 3D model – Biomedical Engineering (BME) Building

5. Structural vs. Environmental Systemsin Buildings

6. Space for Environmental Systems Mechanical rooms (floors) Rooftop units for smaller buildings

7. Space for Environmental Systems Ref: Tao and Janis (2001)

8. Cost of Environmental Systems Ref: Tao and Janis (2001)

9. Total Energy Consumption by Source and Sector in U.S. (2007) • Total primary energy: 101.4 x 1015 Btu • ( 29,700,000 thousand MWh) ~ 21% residential ~ 18% commercial

10. Building Energy Use and Green House Emission ~36% 17.5% 18.6% 35.8% 28.1% http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/index.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/flowchart.html

11. What Building System is Responsible for Most Energy Use in this Building? Lighting HVAC Water Heating Computers and other appliances Refrigeration

12. Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings Cooking Cooling Heating Lighting Office Equipment Other Refrigeration Ventilation Water Heating Source: DOE

13. HVAC - 45% Source: DOE

14. Energy Consumption Monthly Profile for 100,000 sf ECJ Building, UT at Austin ~12% ~96 MWh

15. Same Building in Minneapolis, Minnesota ~150% ~845 MWh NOTE: We would never build the same buildings in Austin and Minneapolis

16. Energy Bill for Residential Buildings http://www.energystar.gov

17. Analysis of Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings • We are considering a model building used in Austin Energy analyses Model house: - Location in Austin • 2300sf • R13 walls • R30 attic • 4 occupants • Surface absorptivity to Solar rad.: 0.7 • Typical (average) internal loads • Infiltration/Ventilation 0.5 ACH - Double glazed widows • Glazing are 20% south, 25 north, 5% east and west - SHGC=0.54 (reflective – bronze - glass)

18. Where the Energy Goes? • 30% cooling, • 14% heating, • 12% hot water, • 44% light and appliances, and other internal electric devices • Energy for heating and cooling (44%): • contribution of internal heating loads: 2.3% • contribution of all solar radiation through winnow: ~19% • contribution of infiltration: 5.5% • contribution of conduction through roof, walls, floor ~17% For different climate condition, or different house, or non-typical users these numbers will be different ! • For other climate conditions, we would build this house differently

19. Target value for a new house in AustinNew single family 2262 sf, 2-story home(Austin Energy Data)

20. HVAC systems

21. HVAC • Largest share of energy use in buildings • Substantial impact on indoor air quality (IAQ) What do Architectural Engineers do? • Size conditioning and distribution systems • Calculate heating and cooling loads • Select materials • Troubleshoot problems, building forensics • Integrate HVAC into buildings • Improve indoor air quality

22. Electrical Systems Photovoltaic systems

23. Electrical Systems • System design • Emergency power • Alternative power sources • Specialty systems What do Architectural Engineers do? • Size system • Design specialty systems • Integrate with other systems

24. Lighting in buildings Restaurant with $70 meal • Light affect: • Productivity • Comfort/emotion • Safety • Sale • …. Restaurant with $7 meal

25. Lighting • Significant energy use • Occupant comfort, productivity, safety, health(?) • Interaction with HVAC What do Architectural Engineers do? • Design lighting levels • Select type of bulbs and fixtures • Integrate into building (daylighting)

26. Day lighting and artificial lighting What is the difference between this two pictures?

27. Building systems affect the costsFirst cost vs. Operating cost • First cost • Size of equipment • Design parameters • Operating cost • Built-in equipment • Operational parameters • Energy analyses for optimum balance

28. What is Building Energy Analysis ? Design iterations to optimize shape and energy use Solutions: • passive shadings • positions and area of windows • insulation value • tightly sealed envelope • high-performance window • position of solar collectors Architectural models Energy-simulation models Design iterations

29. You will take at least 2 Courses: 1) 346N: Building Environmental Systems • prerequisites: thermodynamics, physics 2) ARE 346P: HVAC Design or 2) ARE 377K: Design of Energy Efficient and Healthy Buildings What else can you take? • Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability • Energy Simulation for Building Design • Advanced Energy Efficient and Healthy Buildings • Building Energy Management Systems • Indoor Air Quality (three courses) Outside of our department • Fire safety • Lighting, etc.

30. Why Should You Care about building environmental systems? • Many jobs in HVAC systems http://eeace.com/ , http://www.shahsmith.com/page.cfm?page=home , http://www.tgce.com/ • Focus on building durability, energy use, indoor air quality. • Companies are hiring people that can work in teams. • You will have to evaluate BES claims.

31. Students Interested in Sustainable Design LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1989 1) LEED Certification require that building has analysis related to energy performance and indoor air quality 2) All government buildings require energy analysis

32. Your Questions

33. Project • 2x4 vs 2x6 framing ~ Difference is only in exterior studs R13 R19 R - Resistance Conversion

34. Heat loses and gains through walls Q = A ∙U ∙ ∆T U=1/Rwall assembly A - Area of the walls ∆T = Tinside – Toutside Set point Change from hour to hour

35. Wall assembly Rwall assembly=  Reach_component_of_the_assembly

36. Example: