1 / 27

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Chapter 16. ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Ductless glands that produce hormones that are released directly into the bloodstream and are transported throughout the body to regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body. Types of hormones: Paracrine Autocrine.

jovanna
Download Presentation

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chapter 16

  2. ENDOCRINE GLANDS • Ductless glands that produce hormones that are released directly into the bloodstream and are transported throughout the body to regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body. • Types of hormones: • Paracrine • Autocrine

  3. Chemical Nature of Hormones • Amino-acid based hormones • Amines=simple hormones derived from tyrosine (example: Epinephrine) • Protein and peptides=chains of amino acids hooked together (example: ADH or Oxytocin) • Steroid-based hormones • Progesterone • Testosterone • Eicosanoids • Hormone-like substances that act only on cells in the immediate vicinity (example: prostaglandin)

  4. Functions of Hormones • Integrative • Homeostatic • Growth

  5. Mechanisms of Hormone Action • Lipid-soluble hormones • Diffusion occurs • Binds to intracellular receptors • Forms hormone-receptor complexes • Hormone-receptor complex binds to specific receptor proteins on DNA • Initiates transcription of certain genes

  6. Mechanisms of Hormone Action • Cyclic AMP signaling • Hormone binds to cell membrane receptor • Hormone-receptor complex binds to inactive G protein • G protein becomes active by GTP to GDP • G protein binds adenylate cyclase producing Cyclic AMP • Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase enzymes

  7. Mechanisms of Hormone Action • PIP-calcium signaling • Hormone binds to cell membrane receptor • Hormone-receptor complex binds to inactive G protein • G protein becomes active and binds to phospholipase • Phospholipase splits to form IP3 and DAG which activate protein kinases and calcium

  8. Control of Hormones • Feedback Mechanisms • Negative feedback • Positive feedback • Responsiveness to target cells • Concentrations of hormones • Number of receptors • Interaction of other hormones

  9. Control of Hormones

  10. Major Endocrine Glands • Pituitary Gland • Thyroid Gland • Parathyroid Gland • Adrenal Gland • Thymus Gland • Pineal Gland • Other endocrine tissue

  11. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) • Posterior lobe • Oxytocin • ADH • Anterior lobe • GH • TSH • ACTH • FSH • LH • PRL • MSH

  12. Thyroid Gland • Follicles and follicle cells • Thyroglobulin • Colloid • Thyroxine (T4) • Triiodothyronine (T3) • Calorigenic effect • Calcitonin produced by parafollicular cells

  13. Parathyroid Gland • Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Regulates calcium levels by targeting: • Bones • Intestine • Kidneys

  14. Adrenal Gland • Adrenal Cortex • Zona glomerulosa produces mineralcorticoids • Zona fasciculate produces glucocorticoids • Zona reticularis produces androgens or adrenal sex hormones

  15. Adrenal Gland (continued) • Adrenal Medulla • Chromaffin cells • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Associated with stress or “Fight or Flight” responses

  16. Thymus and Pineal Gland • Thymus Gland • Thymosin stimulates T-cell maturation • Immune system • Pineal Gland • Pinealocytes • Melatonin

  17. Pancreas • Alpha Cells • Produce glucagon • Glycogen>>Glugacon>>Glucose • Beta Cells • Produce insulin • Enhances uptake of glucose by cells as well as inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis • Delta Cells • Somatostatin • Acinar Cells • Produces pancreatic enzymes but are exocrine

  18. Pancreas (continued)

  19. Other Endocrine Tissues • Ovaries=produce estrogen and progesterone • Testes=produce testosterone and inhibin • Placenta=produces HCG • Heart=secretes ANP • Kidneys=secrete erythropoietin • Skin=produces choleocalciferol • Adipose tissue=releases leptin • Gastrointestinal tract=releases gastrin, secretin, serotonin, cholecystokinin and others

  20. Gigantism Acromegaly Progeria Pituitary dwarfism Galactorrhea Gynecomastia Myxedema Goiter Cretinism Grave’s disease Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Diabetes insipidus Diabetes mellitus Aldosteronism Addison’s disease Cushing’s disease Masculinization Homeostatic Imbalances

  21. Thyroid Gland (continued)

  22. Thyroid Gland (continued)

  23. Cushing’s Disease

  24. Cushing’ Disease

  25. Acromegaly

  26. Gigantism and Pituitary Dwarfism

  27. Addison’s Disease

More Related