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The REACTIONARY Stage

Explore Napoleon's rise to power, enlightened or despotic rule, and his ultimate defeat at Waterloo. Learn about his military genius, political strategies, and legacy in shaping European history.

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The REACTIONARY Stage

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  1. The REACTIONARY Stage

  2. THE DIRECTORY • THIRD STAGE • 1795-1799 • Thermidorian reaction • Churches re-opened • Jacobin clubs closed • Politically corrupt / continued instability

  3. THE DIRECTORY • Constitution of 1795 • Executive branch - Five individuals • Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès • 1795 – inflation / bread riots • “Confidence from below; authority from above” - Sieyès

  4. THE NAPOLEONIC ERA 1799-1815

  5. OBJECTIVES Identify NAPOLEON - the man, myth, legend Discuss Napoleon’s paradoxical rise and fall from power Enlightened? OR Despotic? Hero? OR Tyrant?

  6. NAPOLEON BIOGRAPHY • Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) • (r. 1799-1815) • “Little Corporal” • Island of Corsica • Workaholic, military genius, revolutionary leader, meglomanic

  7. NAPOLEON TAKES POWER • “I found the crown of France lying on the ground, and I picked it up with my sword” – Napoleon I

  8. “I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution.” - Napoleon

  9. NAPOLEON RISES TO POWER • 1784 - 85 - École Militaire – French Military School (Second-Lieutenant – artillery) • 1789 – French Revolution (Corsica) • 1793 – Siege of Toulon - Brigadier general • 1796 – Commander of the French Army in Italy • 1796-1797 – Italian Campaigns • 1798-99 – Egyptian Expedition

  10. NAPOLEON MILITARY COUP • November 9, 1799 • 18th Brumaire • coup d'état – strike against the state – seizure of power • 3 man executive - Consulate • First Consul (1799-1804) • Stability and Order • New Constitution • 4th since 1789 • All Power to Napoleon

  11. NAPOLEON’S CONSTITUTION Universal male suffrage (age 21) Referendum – Plebiscite “Yes” or “No” 3 House Legislature (Council, Senate, Tribune) Roman influence Senate appointed by Napoleon Plebiscite Vote – 3 million to 1500 ?????

  12. NAPOLEON’S GOVERNMENT • Council of State • Proposed laws • Tribune • Debated laws but did not vote on them • Legislature • Voted on laws but did not discuss or propose them • Senate • Had the right to veto legislation

  13. EMPEROR NAPOLEON • 1804 – plebiscite • People vote to make Napoleon EMPEROR • Coronation of Napoleon and Empress Josephine • Notre Dame Cathedral • Seized crown from the Pope VII (r. 1800-1823)

  14. EARLY SUCCESSES • Napoleonic Code (1804) • Bank of France (1800) • Concordat with the Pope (1801) • Legion of Honor (1802) • Public Education, roads, sewer system, tax structure • Careers open to talent • Religious toleration • Ends serfdom • “Son of the revolution”

  15. CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY • Secret Police – surveillance of political dissenters • Censorship – 73 newspapers to 13 • Coins, engravings, histories, paintings, monuments • Glorification of France and Napoleon

  16. NAPOLEON THE CONQUEROR • Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) • Abolished the Holy Roman Empire • Continental System – blockade British goods • Defeat - Prussian & Austrian Armies • Conquered Italy • Through treaties and force Napoleon controls ALL of Europe EXCEPT?

  17. BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR • 1805 • Off the coast of Spain • British fleet defeat Spanish and French • British led by Horatio Nelson

  18. THE DEATH OF NELSON

  19. PENINSULAR WAR • 1808-1814 • Iberian Peninsula • Napoleon invades Portugal • Continental system – forbade British goods • “Spanish Ulcer” • Napoleon’s brother = King Joseph of Spain

  20. FALL OF NAPOLEON • 1812 Russia breaks Continental System • Trade w/ Great Britain • Tsar Alexander I (r. 1801-1825) • NAPOLEON INVADES RUSSIA

  21. INVASION OF RUSSIA • Grande Armée (500,000 – 750,000) • Russia – Scorched Earth Policy • Moscow burns • Napoleon waits 6 weeks – RETREAT • One of the greatest tactical blunders in history • Grande Armée decimated – 10,000 survived?

  22. INVASION OF RUSSIA Charles Joseph Minard

  23. EXILE • Battle of Nations (1813) Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and Russia defeat Napoleon Leipzig • Abdicates throne • Exiled to the Island of Elba – off the coast of Italy • Napoleon escapes returns to France

  24. NAPOLEON DEFEAT Waterloo June 18, 1815 PRUSSIAN General Blücher BRITISH DukeofWellington

  25. 100 DAYS • March 1, 1815 • Returns to France • Raises an army – Louis XVIII fled • FINAL DEFEAT – Battle of Waterloo • June 18, 1815 • Exiled to St. Helena

  26. Leipzig Waterloo ELBA Trafalgar ST. HELENA(W Coast of Africa)

  27. DEATH OF NAPOLEON • May 5, 1821 • Age 52 • Stomach Cancer? • Arsenic Murder? • Buried on St. Helena • Body returned to Paris 1840

  28. NAPOLEON’S TOMB • Les Invalides (An va lead) • 6 Coffins – iron, mahogany, lead, lead, ebony, oak • Completed in 1861 • Surrounded by 12 pillars of victory

  29. “To die is nothing but to live defeated without glory is to die every day” - Napoleon

  30. ENLIGHTENED DESPOT? • Monarchs who incorporate some of the ideas of the Enlightenment as well as enhancing their own power. • Which of Napoleon’s policies and accomplishments were Enlightened and which were Despotic?

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