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Three Sections of the Cell

Learn about the three main sections of a cell - the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm - and their important functions. Explore various organelles such as ribosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, and lysosomes. Discover how proteins are created, packaged, and transported within the cell. Understand the role of the mitochondria as the powerhouse of the cell and the lysosomes in digestion. Witness the movement enabled by cilia and flagella.

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Three Sections of the Cell

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  1. Three Sections of the Cell 2 • All cells take in food, rid waste, reproduce • 3 main sections 1) Plasma membrane 2) Nucleus 3) Cytoplasm 3 Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes 1

  2. Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material inside of the cell • Most organelles float within • Nucleus • Ribosomes • Vacuoles • Mitochondria • Chloroplasts • ER • Golgi Body • Lysosomes

  3. Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material inside of the cell • Most organelles float within • Nucleus • Ribosomes • Vacuoles • Mitochondria • Chloroplasts • ER • Golgi Body • Lysosomes The green spheres are chloroplasts located inside a plant cell… you will see this in our lab activity!

  4. Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material inside of the cell • Most organelles float within • Nucleus • Ribosomes • Vacuoles • Mitochondria • Chloroplasts • ER • Golgi Body • Lysosomes • Job: Help dissolve solutes & move materials around

  5. Plasma Membrane • Aka: Cell Membrane • Job: Allow materials to enter/exit • Composition: Lipids & proteins • Semi-Permeable: only specific materials may enter and exit through pores & protein channels inside outside

  6. Nucleus • Job: Controls cell activity • Inside: 1) Chromatin • long strands of DNA • holds info to make proteins 2) Nucleolus: makes ribosomes

  7. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Aka: ER • Rough ER: Tunnel system that transports ribosomes and proteins • Smooth ER: makes fats & breaks down toxins (no ribosomes)

  8. Ribosomes • Created by nucleolus • Transported by the rough ER • Job: make proteins

  9. Ribosomes protein Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid • Created by nucleolus • Transported by the rough ER • Job: make proteins

  10. Golgi Apparatus • Job: Package and transport proteins out of the cell • Protein Creation Process Review 1) Nucleolus makes a ribosome 2) Ribosome makes protein & travels through rough ER 3) Golgi Body packages the protein into a vesicle and exports them

  11. Golgi Body in action Vesicle expels the proteins (blue dots) from the cell Golgi body is placing proteins (yellow dots) into protective vesicles

  12. 1 minute: Discuss with your neighboor ribosome Nucleus • Which organelle builds proteins? • Stores DNA? • Produces ribosomes? • Creates fats and breaks down toxins? • Packages and releases proteins from a cell? • Allows material to enter/exit a cell? • Moves molecules around the inside of a cell? (three acceptable answers) Nucleolus Smooth ER Golgi body Cell membrane Cytoplasm , Rough ER, Vesicles

  13. 1 minute: Discuss with your neighboor Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish…. A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus

  14. The Answer is…. Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish…. C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle

  15. Mitochondria • “Powerhouse” • Job: Create ATP (energy molecule) in a process called cellular respiration

  16. Mitochondria • “Powerhouse” • Job: Create ATP (energy molecule) in a process called cellular respiration • Endosymbiosis theory: once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells • Evidence: • Own DNA & ribosomes • Make proteins

  17. Mitochondria • “Powerhouse” • Job: Create ATP (energy molecule) in a process called cellular respiration • Endosymbiosis theory: were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells • Evidence: • Own DNA & ribosomes • Make proteins • Replicate Here is a mitochondrion about to… split into two cells.

  18. Endosymbiosis Mitochondria ancestor The predator cells continue to divide, splitting apart the mitochondria A large predator cell devours the mitochondria ancestor Mitochondria survive and divide The mitochondria continue to divide and multiply Over time, the mitochondria and larger cell become dependent on one another The predator cell divides, splitting apart the mitochondria

  19. Lysosome • Contain digestive enzymes • Jobs: 1) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell This lysosome is destroying a mitochondrion

  20. Lysosome protein • Contain digestive enzymes • Jobs: 1) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell 2) Break down food cell i n t e p r o Lysosome (with enzymes inside)

  21. Lysosome bacteria • Contain digestive enzymes • Jobs: 1) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell 2) Break down food 3) Kill bacteria white blood cell Lysosome (with enzymes inside)

  22. Cilia & Flagella • Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) You can now see the individual cilia There are thousands of cilia surrounding this one cell. Lets zoom in for a closer look.

  23. Cilia & Flagella 1 • Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) 2 3 This cell has 3 flagella

  24. Cilia & Flagella 1 • Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) 2 8 3 4 5 6 This cell has 8 flagella 7

  25. Cilia & Flagella Sperm cells have only 1 flagellum • Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

  26. Cilia & Flagella • Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) This sperm cell is about to penetrate an egg cell.

  27. Cilia & Flagella • Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) The fertilized egg will grow into a fetus

  28. Cilia & Flagella • Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) 9 months later…..

  29. Cilia & Flagella • Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) About 14 years later….

  30. Cilia & Flagella • Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) 4 years from now (hopefully)…

  31. Cilia & Flagella • Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

  32. Cell Wall • Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells • Job: Adds support for growth • Made of tough cellulose • Hard to digest • Witnessed by Robert Hooke in 1665 Cell membrane The cell wall is all that remains in cork

  33. Chloroplast • Job: Perform photosynthesis • Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars • Endosymbiosis theory: were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells • Evidence: • Own DNA and ribosomes • Make proteins • Replicate chloroplast

  34. Chloroplast • Job: Perform photosynthesis • Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars • Endosymbiosis theory: were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells • Evidence: • Own DNA and ribosomes • Make proteins • Replicate Look for them flowing in the cytoplasm during our lab activity!

  35. Endosymbiosis Chloroplast ancestor The predator cells continue to divide, splitting apart the chloroplasts Chloroplast survives and divides A large predator cell devours the chloroplast ancestor The chloroplasts continue to divide and multiply The predator cell divides, splitting apart the chloroplasts Over time, the chloroplast and larger cell become dependent on one another

  36. Vacuole vacuole nucleus B A • Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments • Plant cells: Large central vacuole • Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles chloroplast C

  37. Recap • Pick an organelle…any organelle. Describe its function. • Name 7 organelles that can be found within the cytoplasm. • Describe the pathway that proteins travel from creation to exportation. • List various reasons to help support the theory of endosymbiosis. • Name two organelles that plant cells have and animal cells do not. • Which organelle creates ATP energy for cells? • Which organelle converts sunlight into sugar? • Which organelle creates ribosomes? • Which organelle fuses with the cell membrane to release proteins? • Which molecule holds the information to make a protein?

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