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ANABOLISM

Explore the intricate processes of anabolism and photosynthesis in cells, highlighting the energy requirements, macromolecule assembly, light-dependent vs light-independent reactions, and the Calvin Benson Cycle. Understand how cells produce essential compounds like proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Unravel the magic of photosynthesis with its light-absorbing pigments, electron transport system, and ATP generation mechanisms.

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ANABOLISM

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  1. ANABOLISM BIOSYNTHESIS

  2. ANABOLISM • REQUIRES LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY • MOST ATP IS DEDICATED TO BIOSYNTHESIS DUE TO TURNOVER • CATABOLISM AND ANABOLISM ARE USUALLY BALANCED

  3. MACROMOLECULES • PROTEINS • NUCLEIC ACIDS • POLYSACCHARIDES • POLYMERS FROM MONOMERS • REDUCED NUMBERS OF SUBUNITS REDUCES ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF CELLS • 30 SMALL PRECURSORS

  4. ASSEMBLY OF MACROMOLECULES • CONTAIN NECESSARY INFORMATIN TO SELF ASSEMBLE • RIBOSOMES

  5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS LIGHT DEPENDENT VS LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

  6. THE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS • SOME MICROBES CAN TRAP ENERGY OF LIGHT • PROVIDES ATP, NADH OR NADPH • USUALLY REDUCES AND INCORPORATES CARBON DIOXIDE IN LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

  7. LIGHT REACTIONS IN PLANTS, ALGAE & CYANOBACTERIA • PIGMENTS FOR LIGHT ABSORPTION • CHLOROPHYLL MOST IMPORTANT • FOUR RINGS WITH MAGNESIUM CENTER • CHLOROPHYLL A AND B • TRANSMIT GREEN LIGHT

  8. TRANSMIT GREEN LIGHT

  9. ACCESSORY PIGMENTS • CAROTENOIDSBETA CAROTENEXANTHOPHYLLFUCOXANTHIN • PHYCOBILIPROTEINSPHYCOERYTHRINPHYCOCYANIN • 470 -630 NM LIGHT

  10. ANTENNA • 300 CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULES • REACTION CENTER

  11. PHOTOSYSTEM I & II

  12. PHOTOSYSTEM I • PIGMENT 700 REACTION CENTER • TRANSFERRED TO ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYTEM • CYCLIC PATHWAY • NONCYCLIC PATHWAY

  13. CYCLIC PHOSPHORYLATION • PHOTOSYSTEM I • REACTION CENTER CHLOROPHYLL • P700 GETS EXCITED • GIVES ELECTRON TO ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND BACK TO P700 • ATP MADE AT CYTOCHROME B6

  14. NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION • BOTH PHOTOSYSTEM I AND II • P700 GETS EXCITED • GIVES ELECTRON TO FERRIDOXIN • GOES DOWN ETS TO NADP+

  15. PHOTOSYSTEM II • EXISTS TO SERVICE PHOTOSYSTEM I • PIGMENT 680 • MAKES SOME ATP • ELECTRONS ARE REPLACED BY PHOTOLYSIS

  16. NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION • ONE ATP & ONE NADPH FORMED • TAKES PLACE IN THYLAKOID MEMBRANE • GRANA THYLAKOIDS HAVE BOTH PHOTOSYSTEM I AND II • CYANOBACTERIA HAVE IN CELL MEMBRANE

  17. COST OF LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS • THREE ATPS & TWO NADPHs TO REDUCE ONE CARBON DIOXIDE • FOUR ELECTRONS PASSING THROUGH PHOTOSYSTEMS WILL PRODUCE TWO ATPs AND TWO NADPHs • EXTRA ATP PROBABLY COMES FROM CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

  18. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION • KEY REACTION IS THE FIXATION OF CARBON BY THE CALVIN BENSON CYCLE BY ENZYME CALLED RUBISCO

  19. CARBON FIXATION • ONLY AUTOTROPHS USE CARBON DIOXIDE AS SOLE OR MAIN CARBON SOURCE • NEEDS LOTS OF ENERGY • CAN OBTAIN FROM LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS OR OXIDATION OF REDUCED INORGANIC MOLECULES

  20. CALVIN BENSON CYCLE • STROMA OF EUKARYOTES

  21. THE PHASES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS • CARBOXYLATION • REDUCTION • REGENERATION

  22. CARBOXYLATION PHASE RIBULOSE 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CO2 RUBISCO 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

  23. REDUCTION PHASE PGA ATP PGAL NADPH

  24. REGENERATION PHASE PGAL ATP RIBULOSE 1,5 BIPHOSPHATE

  25. HETEROTROPHIC SYNTHESIS OF SUGARS • FROM REDUCED ORGANIC MOLECULES • GLUCONEOGENESIS • SHARES SEVEN ENZYMES WITH GYCOLYSIS

  26. IRREVERSIBLE GLYCOLYTIC REACTIONS • PHOSPHORYLATION OF GLUCOSE • CONVERSION OF FRUCTOSE 1,6 BISPHOSPHATE FROM FRUCTOSE 6 PHOSPHATE • CONVERSION OF PHOSPHOPHENOPYRUVATE

  27. ENZYMES • HEXOKINASE -- GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE • PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE -- FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATASE • PYRUVATE KINASE -- PEP CARBOXYLASE & PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE

  28. PRODUCTS OF GLUCONEOGENESIS • FRUCTOSE & GLUCOSE • MANNOSE FROM FRUCTOSE

  29. AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS • NITROGEN • CARBON SKELETON • PROVIDE ACETYL CoA, ALPHA KETOGLUTARATE, OTHERS • GLYCOLYSIS, TCA, PENTOSE PHOSPHATE

  30. FOR EXAMPLE OXALOACETATE CAN BE USED TO FORM THE FOLLOWING AMINO ACIDS • LYSINE • THREONINE • ISOLEUCINE • METHIONINE

  31. GLYCEROL CAN BE SYNTHESIZED FROM DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE FATTY ACIDS ARE PRODUCED FROM TWO CARBON ACETYL CoA MOLECULES STEROIDS CAN BE SYNTHESIZED FROM ACETYL CoA LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS

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