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DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis: The Central Dogma of Biology

Learn about the process of DNA replication and protein synthesis, including transcription and translation. Understand the structure and functioning of DNA, RNA, and the different types of RNA molecules. Explore how the genetic code is decoded to produce proteins.

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DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis: The Central Dogma of Biology

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  1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID The Double Helix

  2. Why does DNA replicate? Cells copy genetic information before cell division so that each new cell has a complete set of DNA

  3. 3 steps to DNA Replication • UNZIP: DNA Helicase “unzips” the strands of DNA breaking the hydrogen bonds.

  4. 2) BASE PAIRING: DNA Polymerase bonds free nucleotides with nucleotides from parent strand

  5. 3. Joining Nucleotides: Ligase bonds nucleotides together. This result in 2 identical DNA molecules.

  6. Semi Conservative Replication: New DNA molecule contains 1 new strand and 1 old strand.

  7. DNA replication

  8. 2. 3. 1.

  9. Central Dogma of Biology:

  10. Protein Synthesis occurs in two steps:1) Transcription: DNA RNA2) Translation: RNAProtein

  11. Transcription Makes a temporary copy of DNA

  12. Turn to a Partner List all the similarities and differences with DNA and RNA

  13. RNA Structure RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways: • RNA is a single strand • RNA has the sugar ribose • RNA has the nitrogen base uracilinstead of thymine.

  14. 3 Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Carries copy of instructions for making protein from nucleus to ribosome

  15. 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Structural component of ribosomes

  16. 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Transfers an amino acid to the ribosome to be added to the protein.

  17. Talk to a Partner • List the 3 types of RNA & their functions

  18. Transcription: The process • An enzyme unzips DNA • As DNA unzips, free RNA nucleotides pair with the DNA nucleotides. • When base pairing is done, the new mRNA breaks away. • mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

  19. Talk to a Partner Explain the process of transcription

  20. Transcription Animation

  21. Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA Bringamino acids toribosome Combine with proteins tRNA mRNA Carry instructions rRNA DNA Ribosome Ribosomes Types of RNA RNA can be also called also called which functions to which functions to also called which functions to from to to make up

  22. Label the cover of the foldable

  23. Translation RNA to PROTEIN

  24. Steps to Translation

  25. mRNA attaches to the ribosome. 2. The tRNA molecule with the correct anticodon attaches to the mRNA codon.

  26. 3.The mRNA slides through the ribosometo the next codon and another tRNA comes and attaches to mRNA. 4. The 1st tRNA releases its amino acid to attach to the 2nd amino acid on using a peptide bond. ***This process continues until a STOP codon is reached.

  27. Talk to a Partner Translation: RNA to PROTEIN

  28. Translation into a Protein • Proteins are made by joining amino acids with a peptide bond into long chains called polypeptides. • The genetic code is read three letters at a time, so that each “word” of the coded message is three mRNA bases long. • This 3-letter “word” is known as a codon. • Each codon corresponds to a particular amino acid (the anti-codon on tRNA).

  29. Decoding codons into amino acids

  30. Example: Template DNA: TAC TGG CCT TCG ACT mRNA: tRNA: Amino Acids: AUG ACC GGA AGC UGA (Codon) (Anticodon) UAC UGG CCU UCG ACU Met- Thre- Gly- Ser -stop

  31. Talk to a Partner Translation: RNA to PROTEIN

  32. Label the cover of the foldable

  33. Translation Animation

  34. Central Dogma of Biology:

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