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Irrigation Reform Trends in CA. H. Manthrithilake IWMI Tashkent 20 th January 2009 19-21/01/09 Bangkok. Irrigation Trends in CA. Brief description of the Region Related issues and constraints Change directions: Stakeholder involvement/ Participation Devolution/ decentralization
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Irrigation Reform Trends in CA H. Manthrithilake IWMI Tashkent 20th January 2009 19-21/01/09 Bangkok
Irrigation Trends in CA • Brief description of the Region • Related issues and constraints • Change directions: • Stakeholder involvement/ Participation • Devolution/ decentralization • Cost recovery • Regulation
Expected future • Some models, “flow during the vegetative period will diminish” • by 15-28% on the Syr Darya River, • by 21-40% on the Amu Darya River, and • by 40-50% on small rivers. • Other models predict a slight reduction of flow (by 2-6%) or even an increase of flows (by 5-10%) before starting to diminish flows.
(Фактическая урожайность: Узбекистан ср. 1998-2002гг. Г. Стулина[22]; Кыргызстан, Казахстан ср.1999-2000гг. и экономически целесообразная урожайность М.Хорст [20], Master-Plan, 1987y [7].) Productivity of cotton.
Land Degradation • Over 4,000,000 ha of irrigated land, or 55% of irrigated land of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan is salt-affected; • Yield of cotton and wheat and water productivity on these areas is 20-40% less as compared to non-saline areas; • Farmers are confronting with high water poverty in this zone.
Mineralization of water (G. Stulina et al. [19])
Setting • Coming from a supply driven, specialized (advanced) and complicated set-up • Transition economies • Reforms are taking place at different steps (speed & direction) • Driven by need as well as advise • All Governments are fully supports the concept of irrigation management transfer • Kyrg. ---Kazak.--- Uzbek.--- Tajik.--- Turk.
Beneficiary Participation • Participation of users in irrigation and drainage system operation and maintenance at the local level (WUG, WUA, UCWU, NSCG, ICWC) • Participatory management and turn over of responsibilities to stakeholders (except in Turkmenistan) • Users manage (small and medium-scale irrigation schemes)
Devolution/ Decentralization • Delegated to ‘autonomous’ and accountable (BISA, CMO), WUAs -“service providers ?” • A phased program to increase the autonomy and accountability of ‘service providers’, (by reorganizing existing agencies) is needed • The form and structure of institutions vary from country to country. (form of community participation through users’ groups, associations, form of a corporate body)
Cost recovery • Willing to pay for irrigation services (for efficient and reliable) • Capital costs be funded from within the Govt. sector (own & donor) • Beneficiaries /users are expected to meet, at least, the some operating and maintenance costs (except in Uzbekistan & Turkmenistan) • Donors are promoting the phased elimination of subsidies
Regulation • The governments are still playing the role of both provider and regulator at the same time (transition and not so transparent economies) • Regulatory systems need to be established to ensure that laws, standards, rules and regulations are equitably and consistently applied (a way to go) • Systems of pricing, incentives and penalties need to be regulated (to serve the best interests of both) • Maintenance and enhancement of water quality as well as the conservation of water resources (Regulatory frameworks) need attention
Table 2.1: Total Cultivated Cropland Irrigated Cropland Pasture(1,000 Ha) (1,000 Ha) % OfCropland(1,000 Ha) • Kazakhstan 30,1352,313718,233 • Kyrgyz Republic 1,4351,077759, 216 • Tajikistan 860719843,600 • Turkmenistan 1,7441, 7441003, 070 • Uzbekistan 4,8504, 309892, 280 • Central Asia 38,97510,2122636,399 • Note: Seventy percent of the cropland in Southern Kazakhstan, i.e. the portion that lies within Central Asia, is irrigated, which drives the percent of irrigated cropland in Central Asia substantially above the figure shown in the table. • Source: FAO Aquastat.
