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The Renaissance and the Foundations of Western Modernity

The Renaissance and the Foundations of Western Modernity. I. Cultural change in crisis. A. Theological challenges. 1. John Wycliffe 1320-1384 - quality of sacrament - Church authority. 2. Jan Hus 1369-1415 - religion and nationalism - language č š ž.

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The Renaissance and the Foundations of Western Modernity

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  1. The Renaissanceand the Foundations of Western Modernity

  2. I. Cultural change in crisis

  3. A. Theological challenges 1. John Wycliffe 1320-1384 - quality of sacrament - Church authority

  4. 2. Jan Hus 1369-1415 - religion and nationalism - language č š ž

  5. 3. Increased threat of Heresy - Waldensians no authority but the Bible - Albigensians extreme ascetism “Heretics” often preached austerity not found in Church, popular w/ peasants The Inquisition “what a show”

  6. 4. William of Ockham 1285-1349 - Argued against Aristotelian theory - must argue from specific to general Ockham’s razor scientific method

  7. B. Vernacular literature 1. Reliance on Latin declines - expression of cultural, national, religious independence (Gutenberg press)

  8. 2. Dante Alighieri The Divine Comedy 1308-1321 allegory – historical figures, contemporary critique Redemption of Man – in Italian! “Abandon hope, all ye who enter here”

  9. 3. Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales 1342-1400 - middle English - ribald, low brow comedy, social satire

  10. 4. Christine de PizanCity of Ladies 1364-1430 a. status of aristocratic women improving b. all levels of patriarchy challenged

  11. Giovanni Boccaccio The Decameron Juan Ruiz The Book of Good Love - “Mr. Melon of the Vegetable Garden”

  12. II. Awakenings RebirthOvercoming constraints of the Middle Ages by re-discovering ancient ideas HumanismTheocratic culture vs. Humanism It ain‘t no sin to be glad you‘re alive.

  13. A. Luxury and lifestyle • Plague and commodities

  14. 2. Merchant republics (1100s) Byzantine trade routes “bourgeois” culture

  15. the Medici family • Lorenzo de Medici, il magnifico • The Florence trade route • Platonic Academy of Florence • Papal creditor

  16. Jakob Fugger Augsburg • Multinational company, mining, banking, fur&textile trade • „Creditor of the Empire“

  17. B. Crafts and guilds 1. primacy of skilled workers - art and status

  18. C. Fall of the Byzantine Empire 1. “Practical” humanism 1453, Constantinople falls to Ottoman Turks - liberal arts education - monasticism v. humanism = contemplative v. activist lifestyle

  19. III. Renaissance IdealismA. The Humanistic Tradition 1. Petrarch “Father of Humanism” 1304-1374 - Study of classical history, philosophy, language - artist (writer) at center of art

  20. 2. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 1463-1494 - Oration on the Dignity of Man Great Chain of Being v. Neo-Platonism - “progressive” outlook on politics, psychology & history

  21. B. Christian Humanism • Thomas Moore 1478-1535 - Utopia tolerance, equality, pacifism - Social Gospel: revolutionary or reactionary?

  22. 2. Erasmus In Praise of Folly 1509 - Church inconsistencies Moore/Erasmus - restore direct connection between individual & textual basis of Christianity

  23. 3. Literary Criticism - methods and goals - philology Polyglot Bible

  24. IV. Renaissance Style, 1400 - 1500

  25. A. Reason and art 1. Use of proportion/ perspective (da Vinci)

  26. Scientific rebirth – Leonardo da Vinci • The Last Supper, 1483

  27. 2. Study of anatomy

  28. Scientific research by artists • Leonardo da Vinci – „Anatomic Studies“, 1480s

  29. B. Classicism 1. Neoplatonism (Michelangelo) fused classical with newer techniques art should reflect spiritual, metaphysical evolution art should reflect man’s rise to “godliness”

  30. Donatello • Bronze sculptures • Greek myths – perfection of nature

  31. Men as God´s children • Albrecht Dürer – „Self Portrait“, 1500

  32. B. The Northern Renaissance Flemish painters Albrecht Durer Jan van Eyck Jan Vermeer

  33. Peter Bruegel

  34. Rembrandt van Rijn interest in business class

  35. „Burgeois paintings“ • Jan van Eyck – „Portrait of Jan de Leeuw“, 1436

  36. Perfection – St. Peter´s Basilica 1546-1564 • A Medici becomes Pope • Italy´s best: • Bramante • Bernini • Raphael • Michelangelo

  37. Humanism – the new theology

  38. The icing on the cake – The Sistine Chapel • Michelangelo, „Last Judgement“, 1530s

  39. The Sistine Chapel • Michelangelo, „Genesis“, 1530s

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