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Learning Theories

Learning Theories. Nicolette Thayer Stacy Reda. Psychodynamic Theory. Asserts that the individual develops a basic personality core in childhood and that responses stem from personality organization and emotional problems as a result of environmental experiences. Sigmund Freud. 1856-1939

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Learning Theories

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  1. Learning Theories Nicolette Thayer Stacy Reda

  2. Psychodynamic Theory Asserts that the individual develops a basic personality core in childhood and that responses stem from personality organization and emotional problems as a result of environmental experiences.

  3. Sigmund Freud • 1856-1939 • Was a medical doctor • Became interested in the irrational side of human behavior as he treated “hysterics” • Personality was the most important aspect of development

  4. Erik Erikson • 1902-1994 • Psychosocial development • Most influential psychoanalyst • His interest in children and education had been lifelong • Emphasized the drive of identity and meaning in a social context

  5. Behaviorist Theory All important aspects of behavior and people are learned and can be modified or changed by varying external conditions.

  6. John Watson • 1878-1958 • Taught psychology at John Hopkins • Most famous and controversial experiment was known as the “Little Albert” experiment, where he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat • Believed psychology should be the science of observable behavior

  7. Edward Thorndike • 1874-1949 • Interest in psychology grew after reading the classic book The Principles of Psychology by William James. • Known as the “ godfather of standardized testing” • Came up with the stimulus-response technique

  8. Ivan Pavlov • 1849-1936 • Russian physiologist • Identified learning as respondent conditioning • Cornerstone of behaviorist theory

  9. B.F. Skinner • 1904-1990 • Skinner decided to abandon his career as a novelist and entered the psychology • Most famous for his research on operant conditioning and negative reinforcement • Stated that there is no behavior that can not be modified

  10. Albert Bandura • 1925- • Became interested in psychology accidentally when taking psychology as filler classes—though he was a biological major • Developed social learning theory • Theorized that children think hard about what they see and feel; personal and cognitive factors influence behavior

  11. Cognitive Theory Focuses on thought processes and how they change with age and experience

  12. Jean Jacques Piaget • 1896-1980 • Studied both thought process and how they change with age • His ideas serve as our guide to the cognitive theory • Expert on the development of knowledge from birth to adulthood • Major force in child psychology

  13. Sociocultural Theory Focuses on the child as a whole and incorporated ideas of culture and values into child development.

  14. Lev Vygotsky • 1896-1934 • Zone of Proximal Development • Focused on how values, beliefs, skills, and traditions are transmitted to the next generation • Looked more closely at mental abnormality • Theory is rooted in experimental psychology

  15. Ecological Theory Based on the premise that development is greatly influenced by forces outside the child.

  16. Uric Bronfenbrenner • 1917-2005 • developed the ecological theory to explain how everything in the child's environment affects how a child grows and develops • In his view development is “a joint function of person and environment”

  17. Multiple Intelligences Theory Outlines several different kinds of intelligences, rather than the notion of intelligence as measured by standardized testing.

  18. Howard Gardner • 1943- • Asserts that there is strong evidence both from the brain-based research and from the study of genius • His theory has a big impact on schools—transforming curricula and teaching methods

  19. Maturation Theory The sequence of behavior and the emergence of personal characteristics develop more through predetermined growth processes than through learning and interaction with the environment.

  20. Arnold Gesell • 1880-1961 • Physician intrigued with the notion that children's internal clock seemed to govern their growth and behavior • Established norms for several areas of growth and the behaviors that accompany such development

  21. Self-Regulation Self- Efficiency Retention Motivation Attention Preferences Awareness Expectations Models Learning Response Behavior Environment Contingencies Reinforcement Punishment Action

  22. Humanistic Theory Involves principles of motivation and wellness, centering on people’s needs, goals, and successes.

  23. Abraham Maslow • 1908-1970 • His theory of Self-actualization is a set of ideas about what people need to become and stay healthy • Asserts that every human being is motivated by a number of basic needs

  24. Nature vs. Nurture • The argument regarding human development that centers around two opposing viewpoints • Nature refers to the belief that it is a person’s genetic, inherent character that determines development • Nurture applies to the notion that it is the sum total of experiences and the environment that determines development

  25. Bibliography • Beginnings & Beyond (Foundations in Early Childhood Education) • http://physchology.about.com • http://www.ehow.com/info_8451423_vygotskys-stages-language-development.html

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