Section 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules (pages 44-48)

1. The basic building blocks of life are atoms of carbon, which have 4 valence electrons. • Carbon-based molecules are known as organic • Carbon-based molecules have three fundamental structures: straight chain, branched chains and rings. Section 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules (pages 44-48)

4. Monomers are subunits in a complete molecule, and link together to form a polymer (macromolecule). • Formed by the process of condensation synthesis (H2O is released as the molecules bond together) • Broken down by the process of hydrolysis (H2O is added to the molecule to break the bond)

5. Polymers are formed by the process of condensation(H2 O is removed as the molecules bond together) • Animation Remove H H2O Forms Remove OH

6. Polymers are broken down by the process of hydrolysis(H2O is added to the molecule to break the bond) • Hydro means “water” • -lysis means “to break”

7. Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include sugars and starches • Importances: • Molecules made of sugars • Can be broken down to provide a source of useable chemical energy for cells and are also a major part of cell structure • Plants produce sugars during photosynthesis • Plants convert and store excess sugars as starches • Animals convert and store excess sugars as glycogen Carbohydrates

8. Types: • monosaccharide : glucose, fructose, galactose (simple sugar) • disaccharides : 2 sugars bonded together • Ex. sucrose, maltose, lactose • polysaccharides : many sugars bonded together • Ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin Carbohydrates

10. Chemistry and Elements • Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 • Ex. Monosaccharide • C6 H12 O6 • What is the above formula? Carbohydrates

11. Nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol • Importance: • Excess sugars are converted to lipids in animals for energy storage • Fats provides cushioning for body organs • Fats provide warmth and insulation • All cell membranes are made mostly of a phospholipid Lipids (aka fats)

12. Types of Lipids

13. Types: • Fats are produced by animals and oils by plants • waxes – ear wax, coating on leaves (cuticle) • steroids - hormones • Triglycerides–fats and oils • Chemistry and Elements • Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen • Contain a glycerolmolecule bonded to fatty acids also known as triglycerides • Fats are insoluble in water, because? Lipids (aka fats)

14. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

15. Importance: • Provide structure • Make up enzymes (initiate chem. reactions), hemoglobin and antibodies • Amino acids are linked by a peptide bonds • Types: • Amino acids are the basic building blocks • dipeptide – two amino acids bonded together • polypeptide– many amino acids Proteins

16. Chemistry and Elements • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & sulfur • Every amino acid has an amino group, carboxyl group, and a hydrogen atom • The carboxyl group links to the amino group of another • 20 different amino acids are found in proteins Proteins

19. Polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides • Importance • Contain the instructions to make proteins • DNA stores information for putting amino acids together to make proteins and RNA helps to build proteins • DNA is the basis of genes and heredity Nucleic Acids

20. Types: • Monomers: nucleotides • Three types of nucleic acids • DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid • RNA – ribonucleic acid • ATP – has three phosphate groups that release energy • Chemistry and Elements • Nucleotides have three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base Nucleic Acids

21. Nucleic Acids