South Asia: Globalization, Diversity & Monsoons

1. South Asia

2. South Asia Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

3. Learning Objectives • Understand the unique climatological challenges of this region, which include monsoons and cyclones, and accompanying flooding • Learn about the challenges and strategies of feeding a large and growing population • Become familiar with the physical, demographic, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of South Asia • Understand the following concepts and models: -Monsoon -Green Revolution -Caste system -Hinduism -Orographic rainfall -Subcontinent Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

4. Introduction • The Himalayan Mountains are in South Asia • Called the Indian subcontinent • India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives • South Asia is the world’s second most populous region • The population is growing, raising concerns about food production keeping pace • South Asia was a British colony for several centuries • Since achieving in 1947, India and Pakistan have been embroiled in conflict; both countries have nuclear weapons • This region is one of the world’s poorest Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

5. Creation of the Realm Continental Drift Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

6. Environmental Issues in South Asia (cont.) • South Asia’s Monsoon Climates • Monsoon: the distinct seasonal change of wind direction; in South Asia • Summer monsoon brings rain and flooding to Bangladesh • Winter monsoon is dry • Orographic rainfall: precipitation from the uplifting and cooling of moist winds; it occurs in the Western Ghats and Himalayas • Rain-shadow effect: the area of low rainfall found on the leeward (or downwind side) of a mountain range • Drier conditions in Pakistan Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

7. MONSOONS • “To know India and her people, one has to know the monsoon.” • To the people of India the monsoons are a source of life. • From an Arabic word meaning seasonal reversal of winds • General onshore movement in summer • General offshore flow in winter • Very distinctive seasonal precipitation regime – Two monsoons – wet one & dry one Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

8. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

9. Seasons NOT defined by temperature patterns, but by precipitation patterns Seasonal shift in the prevailing wind direction Dry monsoon Wet monsoon Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

10. MONSOON RAINS MAY BRING DISASTEROUS FLOODS TO BANGLADESH ESSENTIAL FOR RICE PRODUCTION. HOWEVER… Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

11. Massive Delta Region • Brahmaputra Delta Thousands of tributaries and distributaries that can flood (only the larger ones are shown on the map.) • Ganges Delta Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

12. Rice is Dependant on the Monsoons Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

13. POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS RESULTS OF CATASTROPHIC RAINFALL • Widespread flooding • Property damage • Destruction to agricultural lands • Damage to transportation infrastructure • Homelessness • Disease • Malnutrition • Serious injury • Death Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

14. Population and Settlement: The Demographic Dilemma • India has more than 1 billion people • Concern about producing enough food • Pakistan has 145 million people • Bangladesh has 133.5 million people • Has one of the highest settlement densities in the world Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

15. Population Density POPULATION DENSITY (INDIA) People per square mile World Average = 117/mi2 36 Pacific SoutheastAsia 315 Southeast Asia EastAsia 341 SouthAsia 865 South Asia SubsaharanAfrica Subsaharan Africa 82 N. Africa/S.W. Asia 52 N. Africa/S.W. Asia SouthAmerica 53 South America 176 MiddleAmerica Middle America 7.6 Austral 874 Japan Japan NorthAmerica 42 North America Russia Russia 22 265 Europe Europe 0 400 600 800 1000 200 Realm People per square mile Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

16. PopulationMap ofSouth Asia Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

17. Population and Settlement: The Demographic Dilemma (cont.) • Migration and the Settlement Landscape • South Asia is one of the least urbanized regions of the world • Majority live in compact rural villages • Rural-to-urban migration caused by agricultural changes • Most settlement near fertile soils and dependable water sources • Agricultural Regions and Activities • Agriculture has historically been unproductive • Green Revolution: agricultural techniques based on hybrid crop strains and heavy use of industrial fertilizers and chemical pesticides • Greatly increased agricultural yields in South Asia • High social and cultural costs Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

18. Population and Settlement: The Demographic Dilemma (cont.) • The Green Revolution • Use of hybrid, high-yield seeds to bolster production • 1970 to 1990s: India more than doubled annual grain production • Only more prosperous farmers could afford to adopt seeds and use mechanization • Environmental problems from dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticides • Poorer farmers forced from their lands • Salinization in irrigated areas Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

19. Population and Settlement: The Demographic Dilemma (cont.) • Urban South Asia • About 25% of the South Asian population resides in urban areas • Many live in bustees (sprawling squatter settlements) • Mumbai (Bombay) • Largest city in South Asia • Financial, commercial, and industrial center • Less-fortunate immigrants live in “hutments” – crude shelters built on formerly busy sidewalks • Delhi/New Delhi • More than 11 million people • India’s capital, has British colonial imprint • Air pollution a problem Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

20. Mumbai (Bombay) Boy begging from motorists Three ages in architecture: colonial, modern, and pre-colonial. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

21. Modern Hotel Red Fort Mosque (disused) Lotus Temple Parliament Delhi street scene Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

22. Calcutta Street scene Modern Business District Children on school bus Jain temple Outdoor market Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

23. Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries • Since its inception in 1948, India has been a secular state • Growth of Hindu nationalism: movement promoting Hindu values as essential and exclusive fabric of Indian society • Tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India • Tensions between fundamentalists and secularists in Pakistan • Origins of South Asian Civilizations • Indus Valley civilization established 5,000 years ago • By 800 B.C., a new urban focus in Ganges Valley • Hindu Civilization • Hinduism: a complicated faith without a single, uniformly accepted system of belief • Sanskrit: sacred languages of Hinduism • Caste system: strict division of Hindu society into ranked hereditary groups Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

24. Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries (cont.) • Origins of South Asian Civilizations (cont.) • The Caste System • Regional variations, religious differences in acceptance of caste system • Caste: complex social order • Castes include Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras • Scheduled castes or “untouchables” or dalits Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

25. Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries (cont.) • Contemporary Geographies of Religion • Hinduism • Major faith of India and Nepal • Forms of worship differ by region • Islam • 400 million Muslims in the region, among the largest Muslim communities in the world • Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives are mostly Muslim • In India, Muslims concentrated in the cities, in the north, the upper and central Ganges plain, and in Kerala • Sikhism • Sikhism: faith incorporating elements of Hinduism and Islam • Originated in Punjab in 1400s, still concentrated in Punjab • Sikh men noted for work as soldiers and bodyguards Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

26. HINDUISM • Not just a religion – an intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, & artistic elements • No common creed • No single doctrine • No direct divine revelation • No rigid narrow moral code • No leadership hierarchy • Can be practiced on different levels of spirituality – mainly an individual enterprise • Has had the ability to absorb competing religious ideologies – except for Islam Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

27. MONOTHEISM OR POLYTHEISM? • BRAHMAN – the “Ultimate Reality” – something like “The Force” of Star Wars –not a “personal” god –impersonal force under girding all • BRAHMA – the creator – & many incarnations • VISHNU – the sustainer – & many incarnations • SHIVA – the destroyer – & many incarnations • CYCLES OF CREATION (somewhat like reincarnation of the universe) – we’re in 4th cycle • When reincarnation ceases, one becomes one with Brahman Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

28. Shiva – the Destroyer • Shiva-nataraja – incarnation as the king of dancers – very common symbol of Shiva Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

29. Hindu Temple Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

30. MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM • Four main ideas are important in understanding the Hindu religion and the caste system • Reincarnation • Karma • Dharma • Ahimsa Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

31. REINCARNATION • Every living thing has a soul. • When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature (transmigration of souls). • Souls are reborn in a newly created human or animal life. • This continues until the “ultimate reality” is fully understood (one sees the Atman is also Brahman)– then it ceases Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

32. KARMA • Every action brings about certain results. • There is no escaping the consequences of one’s actions. • Good behavior is rewarded when the soul is reborn into a higher ranking living creature. • Karma is somewhat the result of one’s approach to one’s dharma. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

33. DHARMA • A set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder of reincarnation. This ties into the caste system. • Sometimes seen as analogous to duty • Each person’s dharma is different. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

34. Ahimsa • Seeing all life as sacred – a part of a “oneness” • Results in the life principle of non-violence • Supports the idea of being in harmony with nature • A principle also found in Jainism and Buddhism Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

35. THREE BASIC PRACTICES • Puja or worship –largely individual practices • Cremation of the dead • Regulations of the caste system Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

36. ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM • Siddhartha Gautama (563 - 483 B.C.) – founder searching for understanding of suffering • Emperor Asoka (3rd Century B.C.) Spread Buddhism in India Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

37. BUDDHISM • Objected to harsher features of Hinduism such as the caste system • Focuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledge • Enlightenment ends the cycle of reincarnation • Elimination of worldly desires, determination not to hurt or kill people or animals Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

38. FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS • Sorrow and suffering are part of all life. • People suffer because they desire things they cannot have. • The way to escape suffering is to end desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not wanting. • To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and desire. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

39. EIGHTFOLD PATH TO THE MIDDLE WAY • Right understanding • Right purpose • Right speech • Right conduct • Right means of earning a living • Right effort • Right awareness • Right meditation Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

40. FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT • Hinduism - broad and tolerant, accepting many of the teachings of Buddha • Buddhists in India - willing to compromise with the beliefs and customs of Hinduism • Final blow - 8th century - arrival of Islam -- Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries -- Burned libraries -- Killed monks • Today - only 1 million Buddhists in India Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

41. ISLAM Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

42. Hindu/Muslim-practices/perceptions • Hindus tend to be vegetarians (ahimsa and reincarnation beliefs foster this) • Cows are sacred animals • Believe in reincarnation • Brahman, if it is God, is an impersonal one • Follow caste system – no social or religious mobility within one lifetime • Muslims see Hindus as polytheistic infidels not to be tolerated • Muslims eat meat (cows) – not pork • Muslims are strict monotheists • Muslims believe in a personal God • Muslims reject the concept of castes – equality of believers • Reject reincarnation Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

43. ReligiousGeographyofSouth Asia(Fig. 12.16) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

44. Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided Region • South Asia Before and After Independence in 1947 • During the 1500s most of region was under the Mughal Empire • European merchants established coastal trading posts • By 1700s the empire weakened and contending states emerged • The British Conquest • British East India Company – a private organization acted as an arm of the British government and monopolized trade • Exploited political chaos to stake empire • Sepoy Mutiny (1856) led to South Asia being ruled directly by the British • Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh rulers retained their states under British rule Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

45. South Asia Before and After Independence in 1947 (cont.) • Independence and Partition • By the 1920s political protestors called for independence • Gandhi favored a unified state, while Muslim leaders argued for a division • Post World War II partitioning • India, East and West Pakistan • 1971: Bangladesh independence Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

46. India’s Political Development – effective leaders in early years Jawaharlal Nehru 1947-1964 Lal Bahadur Shastri – 1964-1966 Indira Gandhi 1966-1977 1977- 1980 – Janata Coalition (had defeated Indira Gandhi) Indira Gandhi 1980-1984 -- Assassinated Rajiv Gandhi 1984 – 1989 – assassinated in election of 1991 Mid 1990s –corruption and scandals 1997 – K. R. Narayanan (of the lowest caste) 1998 – Atal Vajpayee – Hindu Nationalist party Oldest continuously functioning democracy in Asia Took a neutralist position in the Cold War Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

47. INDIA & PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION) Kashmir -- disputed India WestPakistan EastPakistan (Bangladesh) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

48. Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided Region (cont.) • International and Global Geopolitics • Cold war between India and Pakistan • Nuclear capabilities of both countries escalated tensions • China allied with Pakistan (China-India border conflict) • Pakistani had supported Afghanistan’s Taliban regime, now helps U.S. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

49. Economic and Social Development: Burdened by Poverty • South Asian Poverty • More than 300 million Indian citizens are below their country’s poverty line, and Bangladesh is poorer • Nepal and Bhutan are in worse condition • India has a growing middle class, and an upper class • About 100 million Indians afford modern consumer goods • Geographies of Economic Development • The Himalayan Countries • Rugged terrain and isolation in Nepal and Bhutan are a disadvantage • Bhutan has isolationist stance (tourists must spend $165/day) • Nepal’s tourism has resulted in environmental degradation Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

50. Economic and Social Development: Burdened by Poverty (cont.) • Geographies of Economic Development • Bangladesh • Poorest country in the region • Heavy reliance on production of commercial crops • Environmental degradation has contributed to poverty • Internationally competitive in textile and clothing manufacturing • Pakistan • Inherited a reasonably well-developed urban infrastructure • Agriculture, cotton, textile industry are important • Less dynamic economy and less potential for growth • Burdened by high levels of defense spending Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff