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Learn about reversible reactions, equilibrium state, and how reactants and products reach balance over time. The dynamic process is illustrated with the example reaction N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3.
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Equilibrium In Chemical Reaction
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 The double arrow tells us that this reaction can go in both directions:
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 1) Reactants react to become products, N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (‘forward’ reaction)
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 1) Reactants react to become products, N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (‘forward’ reaction) while simultaneously, 2) Products react to become reactants N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (‘reverse’ reaction)
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 In a closed system, where no reactants, products, or energy can be added to or removed from the reaction, a reversible reaction will reach equilibrium.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 At equilibrium, the rateof the forward reaction becomes equal to the rate of the reverse reaction, and so, like our escalator metaphor, the two sides, reactants and products, will have constant amounts, even though the reactions continue to occur.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 However (like the metaphor), the equilibrium amounts of reactants and products are usually not equal, they just remain unchanged.
reverse forward
reverse forward
reverse forward
reverse forward
reverse forward
reverse forward
reverse forward
reverse forward
reverse forward
reverse forward
reverse forward etc! the reactions go on continuously in both directions.
Changes in the concentrations of the reactants and products can be graphed; the graph indicates when equilibrium has been reached. concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, and NH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M concentration time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M [N2] [H2] concentration [NH3] time
For N2 + 3H2 2NH3, suppose you begin with the following: N2 = 1 M, H2 = 1 M, andNH3 = 0 M [N2] [H2] concentration [NH3] time Question 3: at what point has equilibrium been established?