Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis

1. Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis Daniel Chazen Christopher Reimann Stephanie Skove Erin Thomas

2. Cellular Respiration

3. 3.7.1 Define Cell Respiration Cell Respiration refers to a variety of biochemical pathways that can be used to metabolize glucose

4. Cell Respiration! C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water

5. 3.7.2, 3.7.3, 8.1.2 State that, in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis Explain that, during anaerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation, and ATP formation

6. Glycolysis • First step in cell respiration • Anaerobic (no oxygen) • “Sugar Splitting” • Occurs in cell cytoplasm • 6C Glucose --> 2 3C Pyruvate • Reactants • Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD • Products • 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

7. Glycolysis 2 ADP 2 ATP 3C Pyruvate 6C Glucose 3C Pyruvate 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 ADP 2 ATP

8. Substrate Level Phosphorylation • 2 ATP --> 2 ADP • The 2 phosphates released bind to the 6C glucose, making it hexose biphosphate C C C C C C 2 ATP 2 ADP P C C C C C C P

9. Lysis • Hexose biphosphate is unstable so it splits into 2 G3P molecules P C C C C C C P P C C C C C C P

10. Oxidation & ATP Formation 2 P C C C 2 P 2 NAD+ 2 NADH C C C 2 P P 4 ADP 4 ATP C C C 2

11. Fermentation • After glycolysis • If no oxygen present, cell can go into fermentation • 2 types • Alcoholic • Lactic Acid

12. Alcoholic Fermentation • Yeast • Each 3C pyruvate --> 2C ethanol • One carbon lost • Given off as CO2 into the air • Ethanol and CO2 are waste products • Given off into environment

13. Alcoholic Fermentation CO2 3C Pyruvate 2C Ethanol 6C Glucose 3C Pyruvate 2C Ethanol CO2

14. Lactic Acid Fermentation • 3C pyruvate --> 3C lactate • No production of carbon dioxide • Allows glycolysis to continue with a small ATP gain

15. Lactic Acid Fermentation 3C Pyruvate 3C Lactate 6C Glucose 3C Pyruvate 3C Lactate

16. REDOX • LEO the lion says GER • Loss of Electrons is Oxidation! • Gain of Electrons is Reduction!

17. Aerobic Respiration • Link Reaction • Pyruvate (3C) --> Acetyl Coenzyme A • CO2 and NADH released • 2C left • Joins with coenzyme A to form ACETYL COENZYME A!!! X 2

18. Aerobic Respiration Krebs Cycle • Oxaloacetate (4C) + Acetyl (2C) --> Citrate (6C) • 1 FADH2 • 3NADH • 1 ATP • 1 CO2 • Oxaloacetate (4C) X 2

19. Roles • Link Reactions + Krebs Cycle • Role: Oxidize high energy molecules (sugars) into NADH, FADH2, and a little ATP • NADH and FADH • Role: Act as electron carriers to the electron transport chain

20. Oxidative Phosphorylation • Last stage of aerobic respiration that involves the electron transport chain • 1. High energy molecules (NADH and FADH2) release electrons that reduce the proteins in the cristae.

21. Oxidative Phosphorylation • 2. Electrons repeatedly reduce and oxidize proteins as they move along the chain • 3. The movement of electrons releases energy that is used by the proteins to pump H+ out of the matrix and into the inter-membrane space

22. Oxidative Phosphorylation • 4. The movement of H+ into the inter-membrane space creates a concentration gradient • 5. The concentration then pushes H+ through ATP synthase • 6. The movement of H+ mechanically turns the protein, creating enough energy to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi It is called oxidative phosphory. Because ATP is phosphorylated Indirectly through the oxidation Of high energy molecules NADH And FADH2

23. Oxidative Phosphorylation • 7. Oxygen acts as the final electron accepter, which is then turned into water • This binds with H+ to form water • 2H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O • 8. The electron transport chain produces 32 Net ATP • Each NADH produces 3 ATP • Each FADH produced 2 ATP • Electrons from FADH are accepted farther along the line

24. Oxidative Phosphorylation • Removepumpsgradually, since oxygen isneeded • Re-duction of NADH/FADH • Move-ment of electrons • Pumps remove H+ • Grad-ient formed • Since-thase creates ATP • Oxygen is the electron receptor • Ne-t gain of 32 ATP

25. Roles • Electron Transport Chain • Role: To oxidize energy-rich NADH to form a high yield of ATP • Oxygen • Role: Final electron acceptor!!!

26. 8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs

27. 8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function

28. The Mitochondria • Outer Mitochondrial Membrane • Separates the contents of the mitochondria from the rest of the cell • Matrix • Contains enzymes for link reaction & Krebs Cycle • Cristae • Increase surface area for oxidative phosphorylation • Inner Mitochondrial Membrane • Contains carriers for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase for chemiosmosis • Intermembrane Space • Reservoir for hydrogen ions (protons) for chemiosmosis

29. Photosynthesis

30. Light-Dependent Reactions

31. Where? • Thylakoids of chloroplast • Energy Source • Light --> Sun • PRODUCTS: NADPH and ATP • Pigments • Chlorophylls • Carotenoids

32. Photon is absorbed by pigment in photosystem II and is transferred to pigments until it reaches chlorophyll a (P680) molecule. • Chlorophyll a electron is excited to a higher energy state and captured by the primary acceptor

33. 3. Water splits in photolysis to replace electron in chlorophyll a molecule 4. Excited electron passes down ETC, losing energy at each carrier. 5. Energy fuels chemiosmosis to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

34. 6. Pigment in photosystem I absorbs photon. Energy travels through accessory pigments, the finds chlorophyll a P700. 7. Electron with higher energy state goes to primary electron acceptor. Deenergized electron fom photosystem II replaces this electron.

35. 8. Electron goes down 2nd ETC. 9. NADP reductase catalyzes transfer of the e- from carrier (ferredoxin) to energy carrier, NADP+. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH PRODUCTS: NADPH and ATP

37. Photophosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis • ETC is embedded in thylakoid membranes • Energy is released as e- move from one carrier to next • Released energy pumps H+ from stroma into thylakoid space • H+ diffuse back into stroma through ATP synthase • ATP synthase catalyzes photophosphorylation of ADP to ATP

39. The Chloroplast

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41. Light- Independent Reaction

42. Key Points • Where?-Stroma of cholorplast • Products from light-dependent used • ATP- provides energy • NADPH- reducing power • Result: • Production of glucose( triose phosphate) • Returns ADP and NADP to light dependent • Calvin Cycle

43. Steps to Calvin Cycle • Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP)- 5C compound binds to CO2,carbon fixation, which is catalyzed by the enxyme rubisco. • Result is an unstable 6-C compound • The 6-C compund breaks down into two 3-C compunds called glycerate-3-phosphate. • G3P is reduced to triose phosphate by ATP and NADPH. • Triose phosphate can then leave and become complex carbohydrates like glucose, cellulose. • Or it can regenerate RuBP,which requires more ATP.

44. Ribulose Biphophate Carbon Dioxide + 5-Carbons 1-Carbon Carbon Fixation

45. Unstable 6-Carbon Compound

46. Glycerate-3-Phosphate SPLITS Glycerate-3-Phosphate

47. Glycerate-3-Phosphate ATP NADPH

48. Triose Phophate ADP NADP+

49. Triose Phophate Ribulose Biphosphate Glucose/ other Carbs