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Chapter 13 – Part 6 The Respiratory System

Chapter 13 – Part 6 The Respiratory System. Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD). Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema Major cause of death and disability in the United States. Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD).

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Chapter 13 – Part 6 The Respiratory System

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  1. Chapter 13 – Part 6The Respiratory System

  2. Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) • Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema • Major cause of death and disability in the United States

  3. Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) • Features of these diseases • Patients almost always have a history of smoking • Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe • Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common

  4. Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) • Features of these diseases (continued) • Most victims retain carbon dioxide, are hypoxic and have respiratory acidosis • Those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure

  5. Emphysema • Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through • Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis • Lungs become less elastic and airways collapse during expiration

  6. Emphysema • Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale and are always exhausted • Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest • Because air is retained in the lungs, O2 exchange is surprisingly efficient, and cyanosis does not usually appear until late in the disease

  7. Chronic Bronchitis • Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed • Mucus production increases • Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange • Risk of lung infection (such as pneumonia) increases • Hypoxia and cyanosis are common

  8. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  9. Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System • Lungs are filled with fluid in the fetus • At birth the fluid-filled pathway is drained • Lungs are not fully inflated with air until two weeks after birth • The success of this change – that is, from nonfunctional to functional respiration – depends on the presence of surfactant

  10. Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System • Surfactant lowers the surface tension of the film of water lining each alveolar sac so that the alveoli do not collapse between each breath • Is not present in large enough amounts until late in fetal development • May not be present in premature babies

  11. Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) • Occurs in infants born prematurely or those in which surfactant production is inadequate for other reasons • These infants have dyspnea within a few hours after birth • Use tremendous amounts of energy just to keep re-inflating their alveoli, which collapse after each breath

  12. Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) • Although IRDS still accounts for over 20,000 newborn deaths a year, many of these babies survive because of current treatments • Treatment: Use of equipment that supplies a positive pressure continuously • Keeps the alveoli open and working in gas exchange until adequate amounts of surfactant are produced by the maturing lungs

  13. Sudden Infant Death syndrome (SIDS) • Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep • Some cases are thought to be a problem of the neural respiratory control center • One third of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm abnormalities

  14. Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System • Important birth defects: • Cystic fibrosis – Causes oversecretion of thick mucus that clogs the respiratory system • Most common lethal genetic disease in the US • Strikes 1 out of every 2400 children; Every day two children die of it • Cleft palate

  15. Respiratory Rate Changes Throughout Life • Newborns – 40 to 80 respirations per minute • Infants – 30 respirations per minute • Age 5 – 25 respirations per minute • Adults – 12 to 18 respirations per minute • Rate often increases again in old age

  16. Aging Effects • Chest wall becomes more rigid and the lungs begin to lose their elasticity • Vital capacity decreases by about 1/3 by the age of 70 • Blood oxygen levels decrease • Sensitivity to the stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases • More risks of respiratory tract infection • Ciliary activity of the mucosa decrease and the phagocytes become sluggish

  17. Asthma • Asthma - Chronically inflamed hyper- sensitive bronchiole passages • The bronchioles respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing • Some irritants include: dust mites, cockroach droppings, dog dander, and fungi

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