THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1. THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM LESSON 1

2. THE HEART THE BODIES PUMP Beats 60-80 times/min. 2.5 billion beats in 70yrs. During normal activity it pumps approx. 5 quarts of blood every minute. During exercise it pumps more than 21 quarts every minute.

3. THE HEART WALL • The heart wall is divided into three layers. • 1. Epicardium = protective outer layer of heart. • 2. Myocardium = cardiac muscle tissue, is the bulk of the heart. • 3. Endocardium = inner layer, is a thin membrane that lines the heart. • Pericardium = the heart is enclosed in this loose fitting sac.

4. HEART CHAMBERS 4 Chambers – 2 on left and 2 on right side of heart ATRIUM – the upper chambers of the heart VENTRICLE – the lower chambers of the heart. SEPTUM – wall that separates the two sides of the heart. VALVES – a set lies between the atrium and ventricle on each side of the heart. Designed to keep the blood flowing in the right direction

5. ROUTE OF THE BLOOD • Right side of the heart receives blood from the veins, carrying wastes and carbon dioxide from body cells – right atrium fills and then contracts, pushing blood into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood into the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged. • Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood into the left atrium. The blood flows through the left ventricle and is pumped through the arteries to all parts of the body. The blood then returns to the heart.

7. BLOOD VESSELS • Blood vessels – distribute blood throughout the body. • Over 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the body. • TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS • ARTERIES = largest blood vessels, carry blood away from heart • ARTERIOLES = branches of arteries that regulate the flow of blood into the capillaries. • CAPILLARIES = smallest blood vessels. Allow for the passage of food and oxygen from the blood to body cells. Also pick up waste products. • VENULES = tiny branches of veins • VEINS = carry blood back to the heart. They become larger as they get closer to the heart. They have thinner walls than arteries have.

8. BLOOD = the fluid that transports all of the substances needed to sustain life. • Delivers oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to the bodies cells. • Carries away wastes that the cells give off or do not utilize.

9. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD • Plasma – a yellow fluid that makes up 55% of total volume of blood. About 92% water and 8% protein. • Red Blood Cells – carry hemoglobin through the body. Are continually produced in bone marrow. • hemoglobin – red, oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells • White Blood Cells – main function is to destroy invading disease bacteria. Are produced in bone marrow. Production increases when there is infection in the body. • Blood Platelets – smallest solid elements in the blood. Prevent the body’s loss of blood by initiating a chain reaction that results in clotting.

10. BLOOD TYPES- it’s important to know your blood type because in order for a transfusion to work the blood must be compatible. • Four types – A,B,AB and O • AB – is known as the universal recipient because it can receive any type. • O – known as the universal donor because that person can give blood to any type. • RH Factor – 85% of US population is RH+ which means their blood contains certain proteins. 15% are RH- do not have these proteins

11. Care and Problems of the Cardiovascular System LESSON 2

12. What do you do to care for your cardiovascular system? Most problems of the cardiovascular system can be prevented with proper care and by healthy decisions you make during your teen years. Physical activity Adequate rest Proper diet Regular medical checkups.

13. HEALTHY BEHAVIORS FOR YOUR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM • Follow a well balanced diet that is low in saturated fats, cholesterol and salt. • Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels. • Participate in regular aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes three to four times per week. • Avoid the use of tobacco products and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke. • Avoid illegal drugs, including stimulants, marijuana and ecstasy.

14. BLOOD PRESSURE • A measure of the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of the blood vessels, particularly large arteries, as the blood is pumped through the body.

15. BLOOD PRESSURE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE DIASTOLIC PRESSURE WHEN ARTERIAL PRESSURE IS GREATEST. When the blood surges through the arteries as the ventricles contracts. This is the upper number of the fraction that represents blood pressure. WHEN ARTERIAL PRESSURE IS LOWEST. As the ventricles relax to fill with blood, arterial pressure is at its lowest. This is the bottom number of the fraction.

16. SPHYGMOMANOMETER • USED TO MEASURE BLOOD PRESSURE. ACTUALLY COLLAPSES THE ARTERY SO THAT A STETHOSCOPE CAN HEAR THE RETURN OF THE PULSE. • Systolic is the top number and usually between 110-140. Diastolic is the bottom number usually between 70-90.

17. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROBLEMS • CONGENITAL = occurring at birth. • This term is used for many conditions – valves not functioning correctly, a hole between heart chambers, blockage of blood flow. • Sometimes the defect heals itself – but most require medication and possibly surgery. • Causes = often times unknown. Very few are genetic – sometimes viral infections during pregnancy. Alcohol, illegal drug use or vitamin deficiency.

18. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROBLEMS • CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE = a group of diseases of the cardiovascular system that includes hypertension, heart disease and stroke. • Heart disease is the number one killer of men and women among all racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. About 95,000 Americans die from this each year.

19. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROBLEMS • HEART MURMUR = abnormal sounds as blood flows through the heart. Some heart murmurs may be very slight and disappear without treatment. Other murmurs can be an indication of problems in the heart, such as the valve between the atrium and ventricle not closing and may require surgery.

20. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROBLEMS • VARICOSE VEINS = swollen and enlarged veins. Can be inherited. Caused by valves not closing properly to prevent blood from flowing back through the valve. • Contributing factors: • Standing for long periods of time • Obesity • Pregnancy • Infection • Injury • Very tight clothes • Old age

21. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROBLEMS • ANEMIA = a condition in which the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reduced. Can be the result of a low number of red blood cells or a low concentration of hemoglobin. • Iron deficiency is the main cause and can be avoided through diet or taking vitamin supplements.

22. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROBLEMS • LEUKEMIA = a type of cancer that results in the abnormal production of white blood cells. The large number of white blood cells interferes with red blood cell production. • Anemia can occur because of the lack of red blood cells. • Abnormal bleeding from cuts can occur as a result of insufficient platelets to help with clotting. • Infections are likely because the white blood cells are immature and unable to fight off infection • Most common cancer found in children. • Childhood leukemia is often curable and adults can go into remission.

23. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROBLEMS • HEMOPHILIA = inherited disease in which blood clots very slowly or not at all. Proteins called clotting factors are missing from the blood. Bleeding can occur either internally or externally. Injections of Factor are used as treatment. Factor can be extracted from blood of a healthy individual.

24. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE LESSON 1

25. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE A disease that affects the heart or blood vessels. Approximately 61 million Americans have some form of the disease. This disease is responsible for more than 40% of all deaths in the United States, killing almost a million Americans each year.

26. TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE • HYPERTENSION = high blood pressure. If high blood pressure continues over a long period of time, the heart, the blood vessels and other body organs will be damaged. Hypertension is a major risk factor for other cardiovascular disease. Is more common in people over 35 years old. Treatment = medication, weight management, physical fitness and proper nutrition. • ATHEROSCLEROSIS = plaque build up on the inside of artery walls, causing the arteries to thicken and lose their elasticity. • Causes = mainly food choices high intake of saturated fats and cholesterol.

27. ATHEROSCLEROSIS As a person ages plaque can build up on the inside of an artery causing the artery to become blocked.

28. DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE • EKG = an electrocardiogram produces a graph of the electrical activity of the heart. It helps detect the nature of a heart attack and shows heart function. • MRI = magnetic resonance imaging uses powerful magnets to produce images of internal body organs. The images are used to identify heart damage and heart defects. • RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING = radionuclides injected into the blood can be observed on a computer screen as they pass through the heart. This procedure is used to assess the heart’s blood supply and to show heart function. • ANGIOGRAPHY = a thin, flexible tube is guided through blood vessels to the heart. Dye is injected and motion X rays are taken to look for heart obstructions.

29. TREATMENT OPTIONS • CORONARY BYPASS = often a healthy vein is removed from the leg or chest and placed elsewhere to create a detour around a blocked artery. • ANGIOPLASTY = a tube with a balloon is inserted into a blocked artery. The balloon is inflated against the artery walls. Then it is deflated and removed. A metal structure may remain to keep the artery open. • MEDICATIONS = a variety of medications are used to treat CVD’s. These include diuretics to aid with the body’s fluid balance, cholesterol lowering drugs, and drugs that slow the blood’s clotting mechanisms in order to reduce risk of stroke • PACEMAKER = pacemakers are used to treat an irregular heartbeat. The small device sends steady impulses to the heart to make it beat regularly.

30. DISEASES OF THE HEART • ANGINA PECTORIS = chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen. The pain usually lasts a few seconds to a few minutes. The most common cause is artherosclerosis. Seldom causes permanent damage and can sometimes be treated with medication. • ARRHYTHMIAS = a change in the regular beat of the heart. The heart may seem to skip a beat or beat irregularly, very quickly or very slowly. Many people experience an irregular heart beat that does not cause other problems. In one type of arrythmia, called ventricular fibrillation, the heart beats very rapidly and is a common cause of cardiac arrest.

31. DISEASES OF THE HEART • HEART ATTACK = damage to the heart muscle caused by a reduced or blocked blood supply. Many heart attacks are sudden and cause intense chest pain, but one in four produce no symptoms. • More than 1 million cases of heart attack in US each year – 40% of those affected die. • Most heart attacks start slowly with mild pain or discomfort, which is often mistaken as indigestion. • CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE = the heart gradually weakens to the point it cannot maintain its regular pumping rate and force. Can be the result of high blood pressure, artherosclerosis, a heart valve defect or increased heart rate due to illegal drug use. Can be managed by medication, diet and exercise.

32. THROMBOSIS = clot within a blood vessel • THROMBUS = a clot in the vessel that remains attached to its place of origin. • EMBOLUS = a dislodged blood clot.

33. STROKE When arterial blockage interrupts the flow of blood to the brain. Stroke can affect different parts, depending on the part of the brain that is deprived of oxygen.

34. RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE THAT YOU CAN CONTROL • Tobacco Use = • Avoid the use of tobacco. 20% of the deaths from CVD are tobacco related. • Avoid secondhand smoke. Constant exposure to other peoples smoke increases chance of CVD even for nonsmokers. • High Blood Pressure = maintain normal blood pressure through a healthful diet, regular exercise and proper weight. • High Cholesterol = Eat less high fat food. High cholesterol can usually be controlled with medication and by practicing healthful behaviors. Eat a diet low in cholesterol and saturated fats and get regular exercise. These behaviors help keep plaque from forming in your arteries.

35. RISK FACTORS FOR CVD THAT YOU CAN CONTROL CONTINUED • Physical inactivity = can be a risk factor even if you are not overweight. Get at least 30-60 minutes of physical activity each day. Regular exercise strengthens your heart and helps you maintain a healthy weight. • Excess Weight = increases the strain on the heart. It also raises blood pressure and the levels of cholesterol in the blood. • Stress = constant stress can raise blood pressure. Practice stress management techniques. • Drug and Alcohol Use = drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure and cause heart failure of irregular heartbeat. Some illegal drugs increase the heart rate and blood pressure can result in sudden death from heart failure.

36. RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE THAT CAN’T BE CONTROLLED • Heredity = children whose parents have cardiovascular disease are more likely to develop it themselves. • Gender = men have a greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease earlier in life and a greater risk of having a heart attack than women do. Research indicates that older women are less likely to survive a heart attack than men of the same age. • Age = as people become older they become more likely to develop cardiovascular disease. About 80% of people who die from cardiovascular disease are 65 or older.