Unit 6- Imperialism, Progressive Era, and WWI 1898-1919

1. Unit 6- Imperialism, Progressive Era, and WWI1898-1919

2. A New Era For America • In 1896, William McKinley(25th) defeated William Jennings Bryan for the Presidency • America’s growing economic strength results in a new more aggressive foreign policy • President McKinley meets the growing demand for new territory • Annexation of Hawaii • Invokes the Monroe Doctrine to go to war with Spain

3. Imperialism: The White Man’s Burden • Reasons for Expansion: • Economic • Military • Alfred T. Mahan-advocates a large modern navy • Future of the U.S. would depend on access to foreign markets for trade and resources. • Social Darwinist Thinking • Jingoism: belligerent national pride, people who advocate a warlike, aggressive foreign policy • Poem by Rudyard Kipling: idea that it was the moral duty of European people to help the ‘backwards’ people of the world.

4. Overview of the Spanish-American War (1898)- “That Splendid Little War” • Causes • American businesses had many investments in Cuba, 1895 the Cuba people revolted against the Spanish. • American jingoism • Yellow Journalism-type of journalism which pays little attention to facts, sensational headlines and stories, William Randolph Hearst- Joseph Pulitzer • Explosion of the USS Maine(Spark) • The war has two ‘theaters’ Cuba and in the Philippines • War with Spain is over in 10 weeks • America gains control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • Theodore Roosevelt becomes a national hero • Led to a 3 year bloody war with in the Philippines • America’s increased role as a world power

5. Debate Over Imperialism-What do you think America’s role in the world should be? Imperialists Anti- Imperialists Goes against American principles-self determination Constitution does not apply to these people or grant authority to annex territory We have no right to govern these people against their will Cause never ending wars • Feel U.S. should be a world power-Manifest Destiny • Support ‘white man’s burden’, moral duty • Economic control

6. Bell work Answer with your group. • Who was the 25th President of the U.S.? • What is the White Man’s Burden? • Define Jingoism. • Identify one reason for and against imperialism from yesterday’s readings.

7. Spanish American War Stations Questions and Yellow Journalism newspaper article will be graded as a project. 50 points • 4 Stations • Work with your group to answer the questions • You will need a blank sheet of paper. • Write the Spanish American War Stations on the top of your sheet.

8. The Progressive Era 1890’s-1920’s(?) Who were the Progressives? Mostly urban, white, middle class, educated, Novelists and journalists, white collar, Christians, both parties What caused the Progressive Era? -Rapid industrialization and urbanization -Political Corruption of Gilded Age, Political Machines -Increase in middle to upper class, college education -Grassroots call for reforms -Muckrakers-investigative journalist Progressivism How did they achieve their goals? -Activism-Writing -Government reform -Rely on science and experts What was their goal? Diverse -social, political, economic reforms in the interest of the public -Good government -Social Welfare-Social Justice

9. Reforms and Reformers Pages 242-279 Analyze the reforms of the Progressive era Which 2 have had the most important impact on American society? Why? Which 2 are the least important? Why? Discuss • Use your textbook to fill out the notes sheet on Progressive era reforms and reformers

10. Direct Primary, Initiative, Referendum, Recall and the 17th Amendment • Direct Primary-party bosses controlled the selection of candidates, Progressives urged for voters to pick party candidates in Primary elections, voters would pick the candidate of their choice. By 1916, all but three state adopt Direct Primaries. • Initiative- Allows voters to propose bills to the legislature to be voted on. • Referendum-Allows voters to vote directly on a bill • Recall-Allows voters to remove elected officials from office • City Managers-Each city would hire a professional, elected by the city council to run the city-idea is a professional with no political agenda will be more efficient then a corrupt official. • 17th Amendment- Until 1913 voters did not choose their Senators, Progressive called for direct election of Senators, ratified in 1913. • Result- Voters at all levels of government have more of a voice in American democracy!

11. Labor and Consumer Protection Reforms • Workers’ Compensation-Makes employer pay money to an insurance company to be paid to employees if injured on the job, First-Maryland-1902, By 1911, 10 states, 1949, all states. • Child labor-Inspiredby John Spargo’s book, The Bitter Cry of the Children, progressives attack the child labor issue, by 1914 almost all states regulate minimum work ages, restrict hours and time of work, push for mandatory schooling. • Building codes-By the early teens most cities adopt zoning laws which regulated requirements for light, air, sanitation, fire escapes, room sizes. • Pure Food and Drug Act/Meat Inspection Act- inspired after reading Upton Sinclair’s, The Jungle, President Theodore Roosevelt pushed for immediate action…. • 1906-Food and Drug Administration(FDA) created to protect consumers from unsafe medicines and foods, prohibit the use of addictive drugs , accurate labels, regular inspection by the government/ Meat Inspection Act- allows for the regulation of meat packing factories and sets quality standards for meat

12. Other Reforms • Education- By 1900, most states had mandatory school attendance laws, led by John Dewey, schools expanded their curriculums to include American History, Government(citizenship) Health, goal is to assimilate the new immigrants • Income Tax -16th amendment(1913) In order to make up for the reduced tariff on foreign goods. Allows for the government to tax a person’s income, President Wilson makes it a progressive tax, quickly becomes the government’s largest source of revenue. • Preserving the Wilderness- Conservation: planned management of resources to prevent destruction, 1872 Yellowstone National Park, 1891 Forest Reserve Act, John Muir and The Sierra Club • Temperance Movement- long history of trying to ban alcohol, very connected to women’s suffrage movement, Woman’s Christian Temperance Union(WCTU) led the charge, by 1915 half the country is ‘dry’, 1919-18th amendment-outlaws the sale and manufacturing of alcohol • Social Gospel-Progressives among various religious sects begin to preach a new ‘social gospel’ that religious organizations should work to improve society(poor), Salvation Army, Red Cross, soup kitchens, Jane Addams and the Hull House

13. 19th Amendment Do you notice a trend? In 1919, Congress passed the 19th amendment giving women the right to vote in all elections! Ratified in 1920.

14. Theodore Roosevelt-26th 1901-1909 • V.P. to McKinley • Ran on a ‘Square Deal’ • Best known for • Preserving the wilderness • Trust busting • Settling strikes-government as 3rd party • Consumer Protection-The Jungle • Aggressive foreign policy

15. Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick! -Believed we had the “regrettable but most necessary role of international police for the welfare of mankind”. - “Big Stick” refers to US naval power -Example: negotiates debt plans for Venezuela and the Dominican Republic between European powers.

16. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

17. Panama: The King’s Crown “I took the canal zone and let Congress debate” Roosevelt wants to gain rights to build a canal across Central America Columbia refuses to Roosevelt's terms Roosevelt sends the USS Nashville in support of a Panamanian revolt for independence from Columbian, blocks the Columbian forces U.S. recognizes Panama as an independent country 1903  Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty.

18. Panama Canal Took 10 years to complete and cost the lives of thousands to diseases and cost over $400 million. Gives the U.S. the ability to extend its military and economic influence TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)

19. Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Negotiates a peace between Russia and Japan over the fighting of Manchuria. Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy. Keep the Open Door Policy in place.

20. William Taft-27th • 1909-1913 • Helped by Roosevelt • More trust busting than Roosevelt • Standard Oil, American Tobacco • Conservation • Established the Children’s Bureau • Less aggressive foreign policy • Disliked the Presidency

21. Progressive Reforms Project • See handout

22. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • Extra Credit will be given for the completion of the handout • 15 test points

23. Woodrow Wilson1913-1921-28th President • Professor-Democrat • Lowered tariffs-16th amendment(other three as well) • ‘Moral Diplomacy’-U.S. will promote human rights, democracy, free trade, end colonialism • Federal Reserve System • Helps to end child labor, workplace conditions • Anti-trust laws, Pro-union • Deeply Racist • Led country into WWI in April 1917 • Passed draft • Aggressive propaganda campaign • Espionage and Sedition Act

25. ‘Peace without Victory’ and The League of Nations • November 1918 Germany surrenders to the Allies • Wilson delivers his 14 points speech • Promotes a League of Nations • Reading/Chart • Political Cartoons • U.S. doesn’t join the League of Nations

26. World War I Readings • The Lost Battalion • Sgt. Alvin York • Partner up • Each read one of the two articles • Summarize each story with your partner. • Copy summary into your notes

27. The Spanish Flu • Worst pandemic since The Black Death of the Middle Ages • 1918-1919 • Kills 20 to 50 million • Read both handouts and the answer questions • Discuss the last question with other people after answering yourself