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B O T A N Y 2010 is for Master Gardeners

B O T A N Y 2010 is for Master Gardeners. Dan Culbert, Extension Agent III – Environmental Horticulture UF/IFAS – Okeechobee County. What is Botany?. And for that matter, what is Horticulture?. Horticulture is the Art & Science of growing plants

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B O T A N Y 2010 is for Master Gardeners

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  1. BOTANY2010 is for Master Gardeners Dan Culbert, Extension Agent III – Environmental Horticulture UF/IFAS – Okeechobee County

  2. What is Botany? • And for that matter, what is Horticulture? Horticulture is the Art & Science of growing plants using intensive rather than extensive inputs

  3. Plant Classification(Taxonomy) There are many methods for identifying or grouping plants for communication • There are lots of systems of classification • Which ones can you think of?

  4. Life cycle • Annual • Short-lived plant. The entire life cycle is completed in one growing season. • Biennial • Two seasons to complete life cycle • Perennial • Live from year to year, either woody or herbaceous.

  5. Morphology or appearance • Evergreen, deciduous • Woody, herbaceous • Vines, trees, shrubs • Opposite or alternate leaves • Fruit, seed, etc. types We’ll get to more “mor-phology” in a minute!

  6. Environmental • Xerophyte, halophyte, hydrophyte • Hardy, tender • Temperate, tropical, subtropical • Warm season, cool season When do you plant cool season crops in southern Florida?

  7. Usage • fruit, vegetable, ornamental What is the difference between a fruit and a vegetable?

  8. Common names Define: rose

  9. Scientific nomenclature • Kingdom • Animalia • Others • Plantae • Division(several, those with horticultural interest -)Pterodophyta - ferns • Spermatophyta – seed bearing plants • Class • Gymnospermae – naked seeds • Angiospermae • Subclass • Monocotyledonae (monocots) - 49,000 types • Dicotyledonae (dicots) - 237,000 types And this is only half of it . . . .

  10. The Family Tree of Plants

  11. Plants without seeds

  12. Seed Plants without Fruit Cycads and Conifers produce separate male & female cones = dioecious

  13. Plant ID by the numbers:One or Two, and threes or fours/fives A big first step in plant ID is to determine if it is more like a palm or an oak, i.e., a corn plant or a petunia

  14. Once more - is it a Monocot or Dicot ? • Number of cotyledons in seed • Venation pattern • Number of flower parts • Arrangement of vascular bundles Do I need to know all this stuff?

  15. Scientific names • Order • Family - ‘aceae’ usual ending • First place you may start in identification • Genus • Species • Authority - • Cultivar- cultivated variety • Variety- botanical variety • etc. Binomial nomenclature – Genusandspecies You can thank Linnaeus for all this!

  16. CULTIVAR = CULTIVATEDVARIETY “Assemblage of cultivated plants which is clearly distinguished by any characters and which, when reproduced (sexually or asexually) retains its distinguishing characters.” - Liberty Hyde Bailey *Botanical varieties naturally breed true from seed *Cultivarsare asexually cloned or by controlled sexual crossing of breeding lines

  17. Tomato LycopersiconesculentumL. Big Boy Order Solanales FamilySolanaceae GenusLycopersicon species esculentum Botanical varietyesculentum Naming authority L. [ for Linnaeus] CultivarBig Boy Scientific names may tell you something about the plant.

  18. Even more on scientific nomenclature • Most commonly used system of nomenclature • System is not static • As you move down though the sections, plants are more closely related • Based on flower and plant morphology

  19. It’s all in the Family • Being able to identify an unknown plant to its family is a valuable skill • Look at botanical characteristics and see if it reminds you of another plant • Look at references under the name of the family to speed up your search

  20. Common Plant Families • Anacardiaceae • Apocynaceae • Cruciferae • Fagaceae • Gramineae • Labiatae • Leguminosae • Rosaceae • The rose is a roseand was always a rose;But the theory now goesThat the apple's a rose,And the pear is, and so'sThe plum, I suppose.The dear only knowsWhat will next prove a rose.You, of course, are a rose,but were always a rose. • - Robert Frost, "The Rose Family”

  21. More Common plant families • Asteraceae • Brassicaceae • Poaceae • Clusiaceae • Lamiaceae • Fabaceae • Arecaceae • Apiaceae • Zamiaceae

  22. A family portrait

  23. What makes a plant a plant and not an animal? • Cell walls • Ability to make own food • Special kinds of anatomical (plant) parts http://www.botany.wisc.edu/art/images/arts/jpegs%20blowups/BPphotoart/corns.jpg

  24. GrossAnatomy Major plant organs include: roots stems leaves reproductive organs: flowers or cones fruits and seeds Know the Node!

  25. This Bud’s for You! New growth comes from Buds, or meristems. • Apical meristems • Lateral or auxiliary meristems • Crown buds • Root tips

  26. Roots • Functions • absorption of water & nutrients • anchoring • conductance • storage Fibrous roots Taproot

  27. Roots • Morphology • primary root/secondary roots • tap root/fibrous roots • adventitious roots • root hairs

  28. Types of Tree Roots Small absorbing rootsLateral roots Sinker roots Taproot

  29. Tree Root Spread Whether a younger or an older plant, roots extend ... … 2 to 4 times beyond the drip line.

  30. Roots can be Special Rhizomes are roots Tubers are stems Stolons (runners) are above ground stems Pneumatophores = Knees

  31. Stem • Functions • Conductance • Support • Photosynthesis • Gas exchange • lenticels • Morphology • Nodes/internodes • Modifications • tendril • thorn

  32. Stem:Movin’ on up (and down) • Phloem – tubes that conduct food & hormones produced by the plant, from leaves to entire plant • Xylem – tubes that conduct water and minerals from roots to entire plant • These tissues are formed by the vascular cambium

  33. Stem Growth - Monocots • Shoot Elongation • from a low growing point pushing upwards. • Leaf Growth • Occurs from one bud, one growing point. • Diameter Growth • Stem diameter is determined within growing point-no cambium layer.

  34. Palms are different! Palms only have one bud at the top of the stem Many palm roots do not have the ability to branch if they are cut Boot

  35. Stem Growth - Dicots Shoot Elongation • Shoots grow in height at branch tips • Leaf Growth • Occurs from the buds, making new cells.

  36. Stem Growth - Dicots (herbaceous vs. woody) • Herbaceous stem growth: • Bundles arranged in a ring • Woody stem growth: • Between wood & bark is a thin layer of dividing cells (cambium)

  37. Weed Eater damage = dead plant • Phloem – • just beneath the bark • transport of food & other products made by the plant down to the roots • No food to roots – roots die – plant dies

  38. Girdling = dead plant

  39. Leaf • Functions • Collection of light • Photosynthesis • Gas exchange • Storage

  40. More Leaf • Functions • Collection of light • Photosynthesis • Gas exchange • Storage What’s a C3 plant? What’s a C4 plant?

  41. Leaves are different • Monocot Leaf • Chief veins are parallel or nearly so. • Typically grasses, palms • Dicot Leaf • Veins form a net-like pattern. • Commonly referred to as “Broadleaves”.

  42. Getting Attached Morphology • Blade/petiole • Shape of blade • Margin • Attachment to stem • Number and arrangement of leaflets

  43. Leaf Shapes are Simple

  44. I’m Getting Edgy!

  45. Leaf Me Alone! How many leaves are on this slide?

  46. Flowers • Function • Control pollination • Develop into fruit and seed • Morphology • We need many slides for this! Remember – much of the classification of plants is based on floral morphology

  47. Flower morphology • petals - corolla • sepals - calyx • receptacle • pistil • ovary/ovules • style • stigma • stamen • filament • anther • pollen

  48. Pollen Grains Peas, if you please…

  49. More-phology • Complete • has petals, sepals, stamens and pistils • Perfect • has both stamens and pistils • staminate • pistillate • Flower types • monoecious • dioecious

  50. Fruits and seeds • Function • seed dispersal • seed protection • contain genetic information for next generation and structures to create new plant • Morphology • Ovary development • Cotyledons/endosperm, embryo

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