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Animal Diversity . Exploring the Categorization of Animal Species. The Tree of Life The three domains of life represent the earliest branches in evolutionary history. Characteristics of Animals . Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Most are capable of sexual reproduction.
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Animal Diversity Exploring the Categorization of Animal Species
The Tree of Life The three domains of life represent the earliest branches in evolutionary history
Characteristics of Animals • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • Most are capable of sexual reproduction. • Animal cells lack a cell wall. • Motile during some stage of their life • Respond to external stimuli as a result of nerve and/or muscle action
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Classification Scheme • Phylum Chordata Chordata Mammalia Mammalia Class Primates Carnivora Order Felidae Family Hominidae Homo Felis Genus sapiens Species sylvestris
Skeleton Segmentation Surface Features or Appendages Development Patterns Body Cavities Body Symmetry Ways to DistinguishBetween Animal Groups
Phylum PoriferaSponges • Asymmetrical • Loosely structured collection of cells • Cell specialization • Lack tissues • Non-motile as adults • Filter feeders
Phylum CnidariaCoral,Hydra, Anemones and Jellyfish • Radial symmetry • Cells organized into two tissue layers • Lack true organs • Nerve network and contractile tissue • Body plans Polyp- attached Medusa- motile • Mouth and anus are same opening • Asexual and sexual reproduction
Body Cavities Coelom: body cavity lined on all sides by a layer of mesodermal cells
Phylum PlatyhelminthesTapeworms, Flukes , Flatworms • Bilateral symmetry • Acoelomate • Three tissue layers • Excretory and Reproductive Organs • Move by use of nerve cells, ganglia • Many are free-living; some are parasitic
Phylum NematodaRoundworms • Bilateral symmetry • Pseudocoelomate • Three tissue layers • Tubular gastrovascular cavity; two openings • “Ganglionic Brain” • Gas exchange by diffusion • A few species are parasitic
Phylum Annelida: Segmented Worms • Bilateral symmetry • Coelomate, fluid filled cavity allows movement • Three tissue layers • Segmented body • Closed circulatory system: 5 pairs of hearts • Excretory organs: nephridia • Digestive system with specialized areas • Segmented muscles for movement
Phylum Mollusca • Bilateral symmetry • Coelomate • Three tissue layers • Soft body in a calcium containing shell • 3-chambered heart, blood vessels • Ciliated digestive tract • Excretory organs: nephridia • Head-foot has sensory and motor organs • Gills for oxygen absorption • Tooth-bearing strap: radula
Classes of Phylum Mollusca • Class Bivalvia • clams, mussels, oysters, scallops • Class Gastropoda • snails, slugs • Class Cephalopoda • squid, octopus • Class Polyplacophora • chitons (ancestral) • eight plates on back
Phylum Arthropoda • Bilateral symmetry • Coelomate • Three tissue layers • Distinct body regions: head, thorax, abdomen • “joint-footed” • Exoskeleton, moved at joints by muscles • Open circulatory system • Complex nervous system, compound eye • Efficient gas exchange system
Classes of Phylum Arthropoda • Class Arachnida • spiders, ticks, scorpions • Class Crustacea • crabs, lobsters, shrimp • Class Insecta • insects • Class Diplopoda • millipedes2 pairs of legs/segment • Class Chilopoda • centipedes1 pair of legs/segment • Class Meristomata • horseshoe crabs
Protostome: mouth forms first during embryonic development Deuterostome: anus forms first and then mouth forms
Phylum Echinodermata • Radial symmetry, 5-part body plan • Coelomate • Deuterostome • Three tissue layers • “Spiny Skin” • Modified coelom forms a water vascular system to move tube feet • Nervous system: central nerve ring with branches
Classes of Phylum Echinodermata • Class Asteroidea • sea stars • Class Echinoidea • sea urchins, sand dollars • Class Holothuroidea • sea cucumbers • Class Ophiuroidea • brittle stars
Phylum Chordata • Bilateral symmetry • Coelomate • Deuterostome • Three tissue layers • Four common features • Notochord • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord • Pharyngeal gill slits • Post-anal tail
Sub-Phylum Vertebrata • Notochord replaced by vertebral column • Endoskeleton • Development of brain • Closed circulatory system,heart with 2 or more chambers • Use of gills, skin or lungs to obtain oxygen • waste removal by kidneys • Separate sexes, internal or external fertilization
Classes of Sub-Phylum Vertebrata • Class Agnatha • jawless fishes • Class Condrichhthyes • cartilaginous fish • Class Osteichthyes • bony fish
Classes of Sub-Phylum Vertebrata • Class Amphibia • frogs, toads, salamanders • Class Aves • birds • Class Reptilia • lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators
Classes of Sub-Phylum Vertebrata • Class Mammalia • most bear live young • milk from mammary glands • hair • endotherms • monotremes: egg laying • platypus • marsupials • kangaroo • placentals • bat, rabbit, dog, cattle, whale, human
Worksheet • Complete pages 125-126 from lab manual • Record your answer and reasoning for any 8 specimens, making sure to write the answer on the line that matches the specimen number • Be sure your instructor checks your completed worksheet before you leave the lab.
CLEAN UP! • Leave animal specimens and their skeletons in orderly arrays Thank you!