Using Cleaner Production to Facilitate the Implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements

1. Using Cleaner Production to Facilitate the Implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements

2. Focus on Specific MEAs: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol Wanna Tanunchaiwatana UNFCCC Secretariat

3. Contents • Overview of the UNFCCC and KP • Possible Roles of NCPCs • Mechanisms for Implementation • CDM and Technology Information System • Potential Activities for CP Centres

4. UNFCCC - Overview • A global legal instrument on the control and management of greenhouse gases (GHG) which are not controlled by the Montreal Protocol • Adopted: 1992; Entered into force:1994 • Status of participation: 186 Parties • Contains 2 Annexes: • Annex 1: countries with obligations to reduce GHG • Annex 2: countries with funding obligations • Affiliated instruments: • Kyoto Protocol

5. Kyoto Protocol (KP) • Commitments: industrialized countries to achieve quantified targets for decreasing their greenhouse gas emissions • Adopted: 1997; not yet in force; • Status of Ratification: 94 Parties, but only 37.1% of global GHG emissions; 55% needed for Protocol to enter into force (as of 17 Sept. 2002)

6. Ultimate Objective of the UNFCCC • To achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system

7. Annex A of KP • Greenhouse gases: • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Nitrous Oxide (NO2) • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) • Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) • Importance of each gas is based on Global Warming Potential (GWP)

8. Sectors/Source Categories - Annex A (KP) • Energy • fuel combustion (energy industries, manufacturing, etc.) • fugitive emissions (oil/natural gas, solid fuels, etc.) • Industrial Processes • mineral products, chemical industry, metal production, • other production, production and consumption of • halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride • Solvent and other product use • Agriculture • Waste

9. Constituted Bodies (I) • Conference of the Parties (COP): the supreme body • of the Convention, shall keep under regular review the • implementation of the Convention and any related • legal instrument that the COP may adopt, and meet • annually. COP-8 will be held on 23 October - • 2 November 2002, in New Delhi, India. • Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA): provide advice to the COP on scientific and technological matters relating to the Convention.

10. Constituted Bodies (II) • Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI): to • assist the COP in the review and assessment of the • effective implementation of the Convention. • Relevant international and national bodies: • Global Environment Facility (GEF) - the operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) • National UNFCCC focal points • National designated CDM authorities

11. Mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol • Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) - • developing country Parties can volunteer to reduce • emissions via joint activities with developed country • Parties (Art. 12) • Emissions trading - can be used as supplementary to actions to meet reduction commitments between developed country Parties • Joint Implementation - Article 6 projects • between developed country Parties

12. Financial Provisions • Special Climate Change Fund (UNFCCC) - will fund • projects relating to capacity building, technology • transfer, climate change mitigation activities, economic • diversification for countries highly dependent on fossil • fuel • GEF is the operating entity of the financial mechanism and the main funding channel for developing countries • Least developed countries Fund (UNFCCC) - will • fund a special work programme to assist LDCs • Adaptation Fund (KP)

13. Clean Development Mechanism • Goals of CDM: • to promote sustainable development while minimizing the cost of limiting GHG emissions; • to assist developed country Parties in complying with their KP commitments • to contribute to the attainment of objective of the Convention;

14. Clean Development Mechanism • How it works: • projects to assist the host country to achieve national sustainable development goal; • projects emissions have to be below approved baseline; • project monitoring in accordance with approved plan • CERs are verified and certified by accredited body

15. Clean Development Mechanism • How it works: • CERs are transferred to the investment country (developed country Party/Annex B Party) • CERs are verified and certified by accredited body

16. Clean Development Mechanism Operational Entities • On 20 August 2002, the CDM Executive Board has announced that companies and other organizations may now start applying for accreditation as “operational entities” of the CDM; • The operational entities will play a crucial role by checking whether projects confirm with the CDM’s rules;

18. Technology Information System • In order to address the needs of information on environmentally sound technologies, the Convention secretariat has designed and developed a web-based technology transfer information system/clearing house (TT:CLEAR).

19. Characteristic I • Targets experts from all stakeholders involved in the process of technology transfer. • Complements and works with existing web sites and clearing houses of other relevant international organizations and national/regional technology information centres. • It has the potential to act as a gateway for fast access to up-to-date information on the latest technology transfer projects and case studies of successful technology transfer, environmentally sound technologies and know-how.

20. Characteristic II • Includes an innovative • search engine

21. Contents • Inventory of technology cooperation projects. • The inventory contains at present some 1,650 projects and programmes, including : • Projects cited in National Communications of Annex I Parties; • Projects cited in initial national communications of Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention; • Projects cited in submissions from Parties within the consultative process

22. Activities Implemented Jointly projects; • Global Environmental Facility: climate projects and programmes; • Some bilateral projects not reported in national communications of Annex I Parties, • Some multilateral projects and programmes such as non-GEF related activities of UNEP, UNDP, UNIDO, regional development banks and other multilateral implementing agencies;

23. Over 40 case studies and/or success stories on technology transfer*; • 600 links to relevant web sites, including national web sites as provided by Parties in their submissions; • An inventory of methods, models and tools covering different aspects of mitigation of and adaptation to climate change;

24. A database of organizations and experts involved in the development and transfer of technologies; • Preliminary databases of mitigation and adaptation technologies; • A technology forum, including a web board and chat rooms. • Information on development and transfer of technologies under UNFCCC

25. HOW TO ACCESS TT:CLEAR • 1. Go to http://ttclear.unfccc.int • 2. Register. • 3. Wait for the activation of your account. A confirmation e-mail will be sent to you.

26. Potential Activities for CP Centres • UNFCCC Implementation • submit projects to GEF under its climate change focal area through national operational focal point of GEF within the government • Raise awareness of CDM opportunities among local key industries • actively engage in technology needs assessments project with the national focal point of the UNFCCC • KP implementation • propose CDM projects

27. Summary: develop an action plan • Possible Roles of the NCPCs