Heterotroph Nutrition

1. Slide #1 Heterotroph Nutrition • All the activities by which an organism obtains and uses food from the environment for growth and repair of cells • Ingestion-take in • Digestion-breakdown • Egestion-removal of waste

2. Amoeba Slide #2 Phagocytosis (solid) / Pinocytosis (liquid) Ingestion: Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole Digestion: Exocytosis Egestion:

3. Types of Ingestion or Endocytosis: Pinocytosis (cell drinking) Process where cell membrane “pinches in” drawing molecules into the cell forming a pinocytic vesicle Phagocytosis (cell eating) Process where pseudopods of a cell flow around matter and engulf it forming a food vacuole. Pseudo= false and Pod = foot Pseudopod = false foot

4. Amoeba Slide #3 Phagocytosis

5. Phagocytosis Requires Energy ATP

6. Paramecium Slide #4 Cilia beat food into oral groove and gullet forms food vacuole Ingestion: Digestion: Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole Egestion: Waste out anal pore

7. Slide #5 Nutrients • The substances in food that an organism needs and uses for its life functions

8. Slide #6 Function of Nutrients • They act as a fuel to provide energy for the life activities of cells • They supply chemicals needed for growth and repair of cells • They regulate proper functioning of the cell How do we get the nutrients we need to maintain life activities?????

9. Slide #7 Human Digestive System (Extra-cellular Digestion) Alimentary Canal: Tube within a tube body construction Mouth Accessory Organs Pharynx Salivary Glands Esophagus Pancreas Stomach Liver Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus

10. Human Digestive system Slide #8 Pharynx Salivary Glands Mouth Esophagus Teeth/Tongue Liver Stomach Gall Bladder Pancreas Colon Large Intestine Small Intestine Appendix Rectum Anus

11. Slide #9 Mouth & Pharynx: Click to enlarge Mechanical Digestion: • breaks foods into smaller • pieces - increases surface area - chewing, grinding, crushing (tongue) Chemical Digestion: - salivary glands release amylase (starch  maltose) (works best at pH 8) Note: Epiglottis covers opening of trachea

12. Slide #10 Which type of digestion is the following? Mechanical • Chewing a saltine? - 2. Saliva breaking the saltine down into molecules of glucose? - 3. Your tongue breaking pieces of a hamburger apart? 4. Pepsin (an enzyme) in your stomach breaking the hamburger into amino acids? Chemical Mechanical Chemical

13. Slide #11 Esophagus: - connects pharynx to stomach - peristalsis (wave of muscular contractions of alimentary canal)

14. Slide #12 Stomach: (holds 2 liters of food) Mechanical Digestion – churning of stomach Chemical Digestion – glands • Gastric Gland • secretes acidic gastric juices (pH 2) • contains HCl • contains enzyme pepsin (proteins  smaller polypeptides)

15. Slide #13 What stimulates gastric juice flow? 1) thought, smell, sight, and taste 2) food entering the stomach 3) food touching stomach lining Stomach Factoids • liquids pass through stomach in 20 minutes • solids pass through in 2-6 hours • Hunger pains are churning of empty stomach • Ulcer caused by excess gastric juice digesting part of stomach wall

16. Slide #14 Gastric Bypass Surgery Small Intestine

17. Slide #15 Small Intestine: - Length = 6.5 meters - Diameter = 2.5 cm - pH 8 Functions: • Chemical Digestion (most) • Absorption of Nutrients Peristalsis: • moves food through intestine • mixes food with enzymes • mechanical digestion • speeds up absorption

18. Slide #16 Small Intestine

19. Slide #17 Liver Gallbladder Food mixes with: • Bile from liver • Pancreatic juices from pancreas (*enzymes*) • Intestinal juices from intestinal glands (*enzymes*) Bile: - produced by liver - stored in gallbadder - released into upper small intestine Function: • Emulsification of fats (break into droplets) • Neutralizes acidic contents from stomach

20. Small Intestine

21. Absorption: Slide #18 Circulatory System uses (CAPILLARIES) to absorb:: • simple sugars (glucose) • amino acids • vitamins • minerals

22. Slide #19 Adaptations that increase surface area of intestine: (6.5 meters or 21 feet) • Length • Lining has folds • Villi (finger-like projections on folded lining) Absorption involves diffusion and active transport

23. Slide #20 Regent’s Practice • The pancreas is an organ connected to the digestive tract of humans by a duct through which digestive enzymes flow. These enzymes are important to the digestive system because they: • Form proteins needed in the stomach • Form the acids that break down food • Change food substances into molecules that can pass into the bloodstream and cells • Change food materials into wastes that can be passed out of the body.

24. Large Intestine: Colon Slide #21 Length = 1.5 meters Diameter = 6 cm No digestion occurs here Function: • Absorption of water - Diarrhea (too little absorption) - Constipation (too much absorption) • Bacteria produce vitamin K and various vitamin B Note: Appendix is attached between small and large intestine (vestigial organ)

25. Slide #22 the quest for Polyps • Colonoscopy:

26. Slide #23 Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_) • Polyps are small growths on the inner colon lining that look like warts.

27. Slide #24 Removal Colon Polyps_) • You may be more likely to get colon polyps if you: • eat a lot of fatty foods • smoke • drink alcohol • don’t exercise • weigh too much

28. Rectum: Slide #25 • temporary storage of feces (stool) • feces is primarily undigested material Anus: (anal sphincter) • releases waste into environment (egestion/defecate)

29. Slide #26 End Products of Digestion(Hydrolysis) Proteins  Carbohydrates  Lipids  amino acids glucose fatty acids + glycerol

30. Slide #27 Regent’s Practice • Organic compounds, such as proteins and starches, are too A to diffuse into cells. Proteins are digested to B and starches are digested to C. A. A- large, B-simple sugars, C- amino acids B. A- small, B-simple sugars, C-amino acids C. A-large, B-amino acids, C-simple sugars D. A-small, B-amino acids, C-simple sugars

31. Slide #28 Disorders of the Digestive Tract Body Atlas: Digestive Problems

32. Slide #29 Heartburn • ACID from the stomach backs up into the esophagus.

33. Slide #30 Constipation To much water is absorbed by the large intestine. Also can exist due to lack of roughage. Results in solid/hardened stool

34. Slide #31 Diarrhea Decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of large intestine. Results in an increased watery feces.

35. Slide #32 Gallstones An accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits in the gall bladder. Can either be “passed” (OUCH!!) or surgically removed

36. Slide #33 Nutritional Requirements • RDA- recommended daily allowance • intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient

37. Nutritional requirements vary with individuals:agesexheightweightactivities Slide #34

38. Recommended Daily Calories For MenMiddle Age Group With Moderate Activity : 6'0 5'4 151-193 119-155 2,932 2,548 5'5 6'1 155-198 133-160 2,980 2,596 5'6 6'2 159-203 127-164 3,028 2,644 6'3 5'7 163-208 131-169 3,076 2,692 6'4 5'8 167-212 135-174 3,124 2,740 6'5 5'9 171-217 139-179 3,172 2,788 6'6 5'10 175-222 143-184 3,220 2,836 5'11 147-188 2,884 Slide #35

39. Recommended Daily Calories For WomenMiddle Age Group With Moderate Activity : 4'11 5'10 90-120 128-166 2,100 2,518 5'11 5'0 132-170 93-124 2,133 2,562 5'1 6'0 97-128 135-174 2,595 2,177 6'1 5'2 100-132 139-178 2,210 2,639 5'3 6'2 104-137 142-182 2,672 2,254 5'4 107-140 2,287 5'5 111-145 2,331 5'6 114-149 2,364 5'7 118-154 2,408 5'8 121-157 2,441 5'9 125-162 2,485 5'10 128-166 2,518 Slide #36

40. Fast Food Nutritional Info Slide #37 Whopper w.Cheese 760 CAL. Vanilla Shake – small 360 CAL Super Size Fries 540 CAL Diet Coke 0 CAL Supposed to be: 1660 CAL

41. Fast Food Nutritional Info Slide #38 Regular Slice Cheese Pizza 380 Cal Regular Slice Sausage Pizza 495 Cal Regular Slice Pepperoni Pizza 427 CAL Supposed to be: 1302 CAL

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