Chapter 11 - Greek Cultural Contributions

1. Chapter 11 - Greek Cultural Contributions

2. Lesson Essential Question 1 – Where are the important city-states, features, and bodies of water for ancient Greece located on a map?

3. A. Locate and label items on the map of the Aegean World.

4. Chapter FocusWhy Its Important (p. 179)

5. B. How did religion play into the Greeks’ ability to make many contributions to world history? • The Greeks felt their gods were honored if people tried to imitate them. • The greater the skill the Greeks showed in thinking, athletic games, or the arts, the more the gods were honored. • Greek efforts to do their best produced a “Golden Age” of learning. • Many historians call this period the “Classical Age of Greece”.

6. Section 1: Religious Practices (p. 179-185)

7. C. Describe or tell me about Greek religion. • Although most Greeks held similar religious beliefs, there was no single Greek religion. • Each city-state worshipped its own gods. • Officials in each polis were in charge of public feasts and sacrifices. • In their own home, heads of families prayed and offered sacrifices to the gods.

8. D. What were oracles? Persons who, it was believed, could speak with the gods.

9. E. How did oracles give advice? • They gave advice in the form of a prophecy. • Define prophecy – A statement of what might happen in the future. • A prophecy could mean more than one thing. • It was up to the person seeking advice to decide the true meaning.

10. F. What/who was the oracle at Delphi? The Oracle at Delphi was the most famous oracle.

11. Greek Gods and Goddesses of Mount Olympus (p. 180-182)

12. G. Who did the Greeks worship during the Golden Age? They worshipped the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus.

13. H. How many major gods and goddesses were there? 12

14. I. How did the Greeks honor their gods and goddesses? The Greeks honored their gods with temples.

15. J. Describe a Greek temple and worship at a temple. • Inside each temple was a statue to the god being honored. • In front of statue was an altar. • Because they believed the temple was the gods home, they did not enter it. • Instead, they worshipped outside.

16. K. What were some other ways the Greeks honored their gods and goddesses? They were honored with festivals.

17. L. What were two important contributions that came out of the festivals honoring the gods? • The Olympic Games • The theater

18. M. Copy the entire table on p. 181

19. Zeus Ruler of Mount Olympus; king of the gods, god of the weather

20. Aphrodite Goddess of love and beauty

21. Apollo God of the sun; patron of truth, archery, music, medicine, and prophecy

22. Ares God of War

23. Artemis Goddess of the moon; mighty huntress, and “rainer of arrows”; guardian of cities, young animals, and women; twin sister of Apollo

24. Athena Goddess of wisdom; city god of Athens; patron of household crafts; protectress in war to those who worshipped her; daughter of Zeus

25. Demeter Goddess of crops, giver of grain and fruit

26. Dionysus God of fertility, of joyous life and hospitality, and of wild things, god of the theatre

27. Hephaestus God of fire and artisans; maker of Pandora, the first mortal woman; husband of Aphrodite

28. Hera Protectress of marriage, children, and the home; wife of Zeus

29. Hermes God of orators, writers, and commerce; protector of thieves and mischief-makers; guardian of wayfarers; messenger to mortals; son of Zeus

30. Poseidon God of the sea and earthquakes; giver of horses to mortals

31. The Olympic Games (p. 181-183) • Lesson Essential Question 2 - How did honoring the Greek gods and goddesses lead to the foundation of the Olympic Games?

32. N. What were the Olympic Games? How often were they held? Every four years, in the middle of summer, a festival was held at Olympia to honor the god Zeus. The festival was known as the Olympic Games and was the most important sporting event in Greece.

33. O. What was Olympia? Describe it. • Olympia was not really a town. • It was a group of temples and arenas built in fields. • A 40-foot gold and ivory statue of Zeus stood in one of the temples.

34. P. How important were the Olympic Games? • It was the most important sporting event in Greece. • When the games took place, the Greeks would stop fighting any war in which they were involved. • When the Spartans refused to call a truce during one war to compete in the games, they had to pay a fine.

35. Q. Who took part in the Olympic Games? • Athletes came from all over Greece and from Greek colonies in Africa, Italy, and Asia Minor to take part in the games. • Individuals, rather than teams, competed. • Only men were allowed to take part. • Women were not even allowed to watch.

36. R. What events made up the Olympics? Describe each. 1. Chariot Race – It was held in the Hippodrome, which was an oval track with grandstands around it. The chariots were pulled by horses. Winner received a crown made from olive leaves.

37. R. What events made up the Olympics? Describe each. 2. Boxing – Boxers did not use their fists. They wrapped hands with ox hide and slapped one another.

38. R. What events made up the Olympics? Describe each. 3. Pancratium – This was a combination of boxing and wrestling in which no holds were barred.

39. R. What events made up the Olympics? Describe each. 4. Pentathlon – The winner was considered the best all-around athlete. It consisted of five events, and participants had to run, jump, throw the discus, wrestle, and throw the javelin.

40. S. Describe the ways Olympic winners were honored. • Olympic winners were heroes. • Poets wrote about them. • City-states held parades for them. • Some city-states even gave them free meals for a year.

41. T. Who was Herodotus and what did he do? He was the “Father of History.” Between different events, Herodotus read his account of the Persian Wars.

42. U. When were the first recorded Olympic Games? The first Olympics were held in 776 B. C.

43. The Theater (p. 183-185)

44. Lesson Essential Question 3 – How did Greek theater develop?

45. V. What did the theater grow out of? The theater grew out of festivals honoring the god Dionysus.

46. W. Who was Aeschylus? Aeschylus added additional characters to each of the stories that were told about the gods and heroes. He was credited with creating the first play.

47. X. What were tragedies? • They were stories about suffering. • Tragedies dealt with the past and the relationships between the people and the gods.

48. Y. Who were the great writers of tragedies? 1. Aeschylus 2. Sophocles 3. Euripides

49. Z. What were comedies? 1. A play with a happy ending 2. Greek comedies were about the present.

50. AA. Who was a great comedy writer? Aristophanes