1 / 47

Greece and Rome

Greece and Rome. GPS Unit 1 2000 B. C. –A.D. 700 SSWH3. I. Government in Greece. Political Units: Polis: city-state of ancient Greece; fundamental political unit Acropolis: fortified hilltop where citizens gather and discuss city government Political Structures

kamali
Download Presentation

Greece and Rome

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Greece and Rome GPS Unit 1 2000 B. C. –A.D. 700 SSWH3

  2. I. Government in Greece • Political Units: • Polis: city-state of ancient Greece; fundamental political unit • Acropolis: fortified hilltop where citizens gather and discuss city government • Political Structures • Monarchy: rule by a single person • Aristocracy: gov’t ruled by a small group of families • Oligarchy: gov’t ruled by a few powerful people • Tyrants: leaders for the interest of ordinary people

  3. II. Athens and Sparta • Athens: • Attica Peninsula • Democracy: rule by the people • Wealthy boys only ones educated

  4. Athens and Sparta (cont’d) • Sparta: • Southern Greece/Gulf of Corinth • Helots • Military state • Boys and Girls trained

  5. Athens was larger Education for wealthy boys only- liberal arts Society was based on trade and open to outsiders Many of the Greek artistic and intellectual achievements came out of Athens Women were subordinate and kept out of public Sparta was small with a huge slave population called helots All boys and girls educated- women considered equals Military education Farming economy Closed society- very paranoid- did not like outsiders No wall around city Athens and Sparta

  6. Athens and Sparta (cont’d) • Persian Wars • Greece vs. Persia at Ionia; coast of Anatolia • 10,000 Greeks (Athenians) vs. 25,000 Persians • Athenians arranged in Phalanx: ea. Soldier stood side by side with spear and shield • Athenians win • Pheidippides runs from Marathon to Athens

  7. Second War: Land and Sea Invasions by Xerxes • To revenge his father’s shame, Xerxes in 480 BCE launched a massive land and sea invasion of Greece.(250,000 soldiers) • Fought three major engagements- Thermopylae (Stand of the 300 Spartans), Salamis (naval battle near Athens), and Platae (Sparta’s revenge). • Invasion failed and Xerxes lost most of his army.

  8. Legacy of Persian Wars • Greece now considered a Mediterranean power. Athens and Sparta become the dominant city states. • Athens enters a “Golden Age” of intellectual and artistic achievements. • Jealously over Athenian dominance of Delian League led to 25 years of civil warfare in Greece. Athens vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian Wars) • Leaves Greece open to foreign invasion- Macedonia under King Philip invades and unites Greek city-states under one king.

  9. III. Greek Art • Golden Age: growth of intellectual and artistic learning • Direct Democracy: citizens rule directly (not through representatives) • Parthenon • Classical Art: portrays ideal beauty; serenity, gracefulness

  10. Greek Art (cont’d) • Drama: • Tragedy: serious drama with a tragic flaw • Comedy: humorous • Homer: greatest storyteller of Greece • The Iliad • The Odyssey • Myths: traditional stories about Greek gods

  11. IV. Philosophers • Philosophers: “lovers of wisdom” ; determined to seek truth wherever they were led

  12. Socrates believed absolute standards did exist for truth and justice “The unexamined life is not worth living” Brought to trial for “corrupting the youth of Athens” Socratic Method Ideas were innate Mind continued to exist after death Philosophers (cont’d)

  13. Philosophers (cont’d) • Plato • Student of Socrates • The Republic • Ideas innate

  14. Philosophers (cont’d) • Aristotle • Applied method of problem solving to psychology, physics, and biology (scientific method) • Mind and body separate • Ideas result of experience

  15. Peloponnesian War weakened Greek city-states Philip II becomes king Killed at wedding Alexander becomes king (20 yrs old) Student of Aristotle Expands the empire: Persia, Egypt (Alexandria), Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Arabia Dies of Malaria (32 yrs old) V. Alexander the Great

  16. Alexander (cont’d) • Alexander the Great’s Legacy • 3 different Greeks gain control of the Empire • Antigonous of Macedonia • Ptolemy seizes Egypt • Seleucus took Old Persian Empire • Adopts Persian customs • Hellenistic culture emerges

  17. VI. The Olympic Games and Hellenistic Culture • Ancient Olympics • Honored Zeus • In Olympia • Chariot races, boxing, javelin, discus , etc. • Statues of cheaters

  18. Olympics cont’d • Modern Olympics • In Athens • 1896 • Many more sports

  19. Hellenistic Culture (cont’d) • Hellenistic Culture • Greek (Hellenic) blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences • Scholars • Provided most scientific knowledge • Euclid: mathematician (geometry) • Archimedes: pi, lever, screw, and pulley • Art • Colossus of Rhodes • sculpture

  20. I. Origins of Rome • Founded in 753 by Romulus and Remus (legend) • Tiber River near Italian Peninsula; midpoint of the Med. Sea • Rolling hills • Fertile soil • 3 Groups inhabited the region (1000-500 BC) • Latins • Greeks (these 3 were 1st settlers) • Etruscans

  21. Rome (cont) • b/w 750 and 600 BC the Greeks est. colonies; brought all of Italy into closer contact with the Greek civ. • Etruscans strongly influenced Roman civ. • Writing and architecture (esp. arch)

  22. II. Roman Government • Republic: citizens vote for leaders • Patricians: wealthy landowners • Plebeians: common farmers, artisans, and merchants (majority) • Barred by law from holding imp. Govt. positions • Eventually form tribunes: protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials • Created Twelve Tables: written law code (protected from patrician officials interpretations)

  23. Roman Gov’t (cont’d) • Parts of Roman Republic: • Consuls: commanded army; directed government (similar to President of U.S.) • Senate: legislative assembly • Dictator: ruled in time of crisis (6 months) • Legions: large military units

  24. III. Rome Spreads its Power • Punic Wars • Rome vs. Carthage (North Africa) • 3 separate wars • 1st: (264- 241 BCE) • Carthage captured part of Sicily; Rome came to help out. • Also for glory and plunder • Fought mostly at sea • for some years Carthage was the most successful, notedly under the leadership of Hamilcar, but with the battle at the Aegates Islands in 241, the Carthagians were beaten so painfully that they requested peace. This agreement involved leaving Sicily and paying a huge indemnity. Rome now controlled Sicily.

  25. 2nd: (218- 201 BCE) It was the Carthagians bitterness over both the agreement from the first war, and the Roman expansion following the next years (Corsica and Sardinia was taken from Carthage in 237), that brought it on. Hannibal: Carthage general; mastermind of war Won several early battles but no decisive ones The Romans used a tactic of delaying, and they had strong hold on the communications over both land and sea. This would eventually result in declining morals in Hannibals troops In 204 the Roman sunder the leadership of Scipio invaded Ifriqiya (today's Tunisia), and despite strong resistance, a peace was almost arranged in 203, when Hannibal returned. Hannibal was beaten in Zama (near today's Maktar, Tunisia) in 202. Peace was signed in 201. All claims on Spain were given up, and the Punic fleet was reduced to ten ships.

  26. 3rd: (149- 146 BCE) The third war was entirely provoked by the Romans. After the second defeat, Carthage managed once again to return to much of its former glory, the economy prospered, and the fleet increased. But the memory of the former Punic wars was strong in Rome; many hated the Carthaginians especially because there seemed to be nothing that could force them on their knees. Many Romans wanted to gain glory, and no enemy was more attractive than Carthage, even if the city state now longer aspired to become an empire. Masinissa deliberately provoked Carthage, and in 149 Carthage attacked him. Rome came to aid for their ally, through declaring war on Carthage. At first a peace was agreed upon, but then Rome increased their demands, decreeing a total abandonment of the city. Facing these claims, the Carthaginians returned to fighting, and soon Carthage fell under what would become a 3 year long siege. When the Romans finally breached the walls, Scipio Aemilianus took the city by storm. One week of fighting inside the city followed, then the city was burned, and the locals were either executed or sold into slavery.

  27. IV. The Roman Empire • Empire emerges after Punic Wars; republic becomes unstable • Economic Turmoil • Rich live on big estates (with lots of slaves) • Small farmers had difficulty competing • Civil War: Tribunes tried for reforms but made enemies with senators • Generals start to gain power (recruiting soldiers turned farmers—promising them land) and take over by force

  28. Roman Empire (cont’d) • Julius Caesar gains control • 60 BCE Caesar joined with Crassus and Pompey; ruled as a triumvirate (group of three) for 10 yrs. • Elected consul (ruled for 1 yr) • Excellent military leader • Appointed himself governor of Gaul (France)—becomes very popular • 50 BCE he defies senate; they ordered him to disband his legions and return home. • 49 BCE Crossed Rubicon River conquers Greece, Asia, Spain, Egypt • 46 BCE returned to Rome, had support of army and masses and was appointed Dictator • 44 BCE appointed dictator for life

  29. The Roman Empire (cont’d) • Governed as an absolute ruler • Reforms: Roman citizenship to people in the provinces; expanded the senate; built new public buildings that created new jobs for the poor • Some senators feared losing their influence; some considered him a tyrant • Caesar is killed by senators March 15, 44 BCE

  30. The Roman Empire (cont’d) • Beginning of the Empire • More civil war; Roman Republic destroyed • Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus • Ruled for 10 yrs • Jealousy and violence • Lepidus retires, Octavian and Mark Antony rivals 3. Octavian rules; becomes Augustus Caesar • Pax Romana (207 years) • After Augustus’ death, empire remained stable

  31. V. Society and Culture • Agriculture • Most important industry • 90% involved in farming • Complex roads linked the empire • Slaves and Captivity • Used slaves more than any other civilization • Conquered peoples brought back to Rome • Worked both city and farm • Some forced to be gladiators • Occasional rebellions (none successful)

  32. Society and Culture (cont’d) • Gods and Goddesses • Early Romans worshiped powerful, divine spirits • Government and religion linked; private and public rituals expected; worship of emperor was important as well • Majority of people were poor • Government supported people • Gladiator games • Colosseum one of greatest structure ever built; held 50,000 people

  33. Society and Culture (cont’d) • Roman Art • Greco-Roman: classical civilization • Rome had conquered Greece and was influenced by their culture • One of greatest legacies to the world • Realism • Augustus had great artistic achievement • Bas-relief; told stories • Mosaics; found in wealthy homes • Pompeii was best example; site of Vesuvius eruption which preserved many buildings and artworks

  34. Society and Culture (cont’d) • Legacy • Latin language; official language of Roman Catholic Church into 20th century • Aqueducts; brought water to cities • Architecture; inspired public buildings • Roman Roads; made of stone, concrete, and sand. Lasted until Middle ages • Laws; most lasting and widespread • Fair and equal to all people • Influenced by philosophers • Equal treatment under law • Innocent until proven guilty

  35. VII. Fall of the Roman Empire • Rome’s economy weakens • Inflation • Overworked soil • Military in disarray • Rome splits (empire no more) • West: remains Rome; Latin speaking • Huns responsible for German invasions in West (Attila) • East: Byzantine Empire; Greek speaking • Constantine secures, moves capitol (Constantinople) • Flourishes; preserves Greek and Roman culture

  36. VI. Christianity Spreads • Jesus • The Messiah • Contained many ideas from Judaism • Stressed importance of people’s love for God and each other • Promised salvation for those who repented their sins • Crucified for defying the Roman government • Spread of Christianity • Roads make is easy • Paul

  37. Christianity Spreads • Constantine • Ends persecution (occurred b/c people didn’t worship Roman gods—thousands were killed, exiled, or imprisoned) • Nicene Creed: basic beliefs of church • Christian Church • Peter “rock” on which the church will be built • First Pope—head of the Christian Church • Bishops next • Priests • Augustine: influential writer/bishop helped define Church teachings

More Related