United States History - Honors

1. United States History - Honors Chapter 7:Nationalism and Economic Growth Chapter 8: Regional Societies Chapter 9: Working for Reform

2. Rise of Nationalism • Pride in being American skyrocketed after the War of 1812 • The election of James Monroe in 1817 solidified this sense of nationalism • Monroe helped to contribute greatly to American nationalism and strength • Florida: fought against Seminole Indians in the Spanish territory to protect American settlers • Nearly led to a war with Spain • Worked the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 that gave the US present day Florida • Monroe Doctrine: promise to protect nations in the Western Hemisphere in December 1823 • US would allow European nations to keep present colonies • Would not allow for interference in independent nations or any attempt at regaining lost colonies • However, the economy would be a hindrance to American strength in the early 1800s, but not for long

3. James Monroe 1817-1825

4. Early 1800s Economy • The war strengthened industry, but weakened the banking system, and revealed the poor transportation system of the United States • Proposals were made to strengthen the economy, known as the American system • National bank to provide sound currency • Tariffs to protect American industries (Tariff of 1816 passed) • Build a national transportation system • National Road: built over the Appalachian Mtns. at the Cumberland Gap to move goods to the West • Erie Canal: 363 miles long,built to connect Lake Erie with the Hudson River, completed in 1825, drastically cutting time and money needed to ship goods • With the improved transportation came new technology • More canals were built; Steamboats were used to ship the goods • The first railroads were built starting in the 1830s • Led to a Market and Industrial Revolution, where goods were mass produced cheaply • Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin, also developed a system of interchangeable parts • However, the Bank of the US demanded payment for loans and a payments made in gold and silver, causing the Panic of 1819, causing a depression that lasted for years

5. Issues with the Government • As new territories and states were added to the Union, slavery became a very hot button issue • Missouri petitioned in 1819 to become a state • Split over whether it should be a slave or free state • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Missouri admitted as a slave state • Outlawed slavery north of 36°30′ north latitude (MO southern border) • Election of 1824 • Close election between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams (Jackson won the popular vote) • Adams given presidency by a “corrupt bargain” • Congressman Henry Clay helped the House to choose Adams • Upon winning, Adams made Clay his Secretary of State • Jackson accused Adams of helping fix the election • Jackson vowed revenge, setting the stage for the election of 1828 • Adams was a very ineffective president, unwilling to compromise with Congress, leading to failure of many of his proposals

6. John Quincy Adams 1825-1829

7. Election of 1828 • Jackson easily won election in 1828, under a new political party, the Democratic Party • Won support from the “common man” • Reputation as a brutal murderers for his actions against Native Americans • Known for his great support of the “spoils system”, giving government jobs to friends and supporters • Many very notable actions during his presidency • Trail of Tears: forced removal of tribes from the South to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) based on the Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Refused to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States in 1836 • Small banks issued their own money • Led directly to the Panic of 1837 and the ensuing economic depression • Sternly dealt with southern states that refused to follow national laws in the Nullification Crisis of 1832 • His handpicked successor, Martin Van Buren, was elected in 1836 • Lost support after the Panic of 1837 set in • Led to the rise of a new political party, the Whig Party • Nominated William Henry Harrison in 1840, who won the election • Died one month after election, giving way to John Tyler

8. Andrew Jackson 1829-1837

9. Martin Van Buren 1837-1841

10. William Henry Harrison 1841

11. John Tyler 1841-1845

12. Antebellum Northern Life • The Market and Industrial Revolutions created distinct rich, middle and poor classes in the North • Factories sprang up throughout the North • The factory system, workers running machines, was born out of the Lowell, MA textile mills • Inventions like the mechanical reaper (Cyrus McCormick) and steel plow (John Deere) made farming easier and more profitable • Immigrants from throughout Europe moved to the North for the abundance of jobs • Most prominent were Irish and German • Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s • German economic and land conditions • Many other groups settled in the Midwest, farming the land • Led to a rise in anti-immigrant groups, or nativists • Creation of the American Party in 1849 on an anti-immigration platform • Also known as the “Know Nothings” for the highly secretive activities

13. Antebellum Southern Life • In the South, cotton was king • Made possible by Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and slavery • Shipped cotton to northern mills and foreign markets • Distinct class society of wealthy plantation owners, small yeoman farmers, and the extreme poor farming class • Heavy influence from religion • Cities less influential, but similar to cities of the North • Slavery very important to southern life and culture • Treated, often times, very harshly • Relied on family, religion, and music to survive • Rebellions did occur, often unsuccessfully • Prosser Rebellion of 1800 (VA) • Vesey Rebellion of 1822 (SC) • Nat Turner Revolt of 1831 (VA) • Underground Railroad, route of escape for slaves to the North, gained prominence in the 1830s, led by people like Harriet Tubman • Safehouses, hosted by “conductors” helped slaves slowly move northward from slavery

14. Harriet Tubman (1822-1913)

15. Antebellum Religion • A second Great Awakening took place in the United States in the early to mid 1800s • Renewed passion for religion in the United States • New denominations created, with traveling preachers spreading their sermons • Utopian communities, such as the Shakers, were created, but the Shakers disappeared when they could not recruit new members (did not believe in having children or marrying) • Mormons: created in New York in 1830 by Joseph Smith • Moved to Illinois to escape persecution • Moved again to Utah, by Brigham Young, to live in peace, over the Mormon Trail • Transcendentalism: belief of rising above materialism through religion, becoming better people • Did not believe in predestination; people could become perfect • Influenced by writers like Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson • Created the utopian community Brook Farm in 1841 near Boston, ended in 1846

16. Societal Reform • Many issues plagued American society of the US that brought attention for reform • Alcohol: temperance movement to outlaw alcohol • Women’s rights: call for greater freedom, roles outside the home, voting rights, etc. • Education: led by Horace Mann, creation of a better public education system, primary, secondary, and post secondary • Prisons and asylums: Dorothea Dix reported the atrocities of institutions, calling for reforming living and treatment conditions of those institutionalized • However, the biggest issue of the antebellum period was slavery

17. Abolitionism • Many people throughout the nation, but mainly in the North, called for an end to slavery • Many proposals were made to address the issue • Colonization: form a colony in Africa for freed slaves • Peaceful protest to end slavery • Use of violence to encourage revolts • Literature had a heavy influence in the movement • William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper The Liberator, started in 1830 • Former slaves like Sojourner Truth travels and Frederick Douglass autobiography and newspaper The North Star • The issue would continue to plague the nation and partly lead to the Civil War

18. Women’s Rights • Piggybacking the abolitionist movement was the call for women’s rights • Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 • Held in Seneca Falls, NY • Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony • Called for a Declaration of Sentiments, which included voting rights • Did not achieve much in regards to immediate rights, but was the basis of future women’s rights movements that led to voting and other rights