1 / 17

United States History - Honors

United States History - Honors. Chapter 1: The World by 1500 Chapter 2: Empires in the Americas Chapter 3: The English Colonies. Early Americans. The first Americans were the Paleo -Indians Estimated to come to the Americas about 40,000 years ago

riva
Download Presentation

United States History - Honors

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. United States History - Honors Chapter 1: The World by 1500 Chapter 2: Empires in the Americas Chapter 3: The English Colonies

  2. Early Americans • The first Americans were the Paleo-Indians • Estimated to come to the Americas about 40,000 years ago • Crossed from Asia over a “land bridge” in what is now the Bering Strait, between Russia and Alaska • Tribes of people adapted to the lands in which they settled in order to survive • Hunter-gathers killed animals and gathered berries, roots, etc • Agricultural Revolution: about 7000 years ago, peoples began to grow food for survival • Gave way to several advanced civilizations throughout the Americas • Aztec and Mayas of Mexico and Central America • Inca of South America • Olmec of the southern United States • Anasazi of SW United States • Mound building tribes of the Northeast and Midwest

  3. World Civilizations • Advanced civilizations throughout the world eventually led to the settlement of the Americas from easterners • China: traded extensively over land with Europe for hundreds of years • Arabia: crossroads of trade routes between Europe, Asia and Africa • Islam influential in trade • Eventually led to wars between Muslims and Christians over the holy lands (Crusades) • Africa: vast empires throughout the continent traded gold and slaves with the world • Europe: influence of former Roman Empire prominent, but the empire collapsed • Vikings were quickly becoming the dominant culture of Northern Europe • Sailed from Europe to Iceland, Greenland, and eventually present day Canada around 1000 AD • Led by Leif Eriksson, established the short lived colony of Vinland in Canada

  4. Europe and the Middle Ages • Europe operated under a policy called feudalism • Nobles would pledge loyalty and military assistance for land called manors • Each manor was worked by peasants • The Catholic Church dictated most of life in the manors • Many major events led to the demise of feudalism • Crusades: war to drive Muslims from Europe and open trade • Magna Carta: English document that granted basic rights to people in 1215 • Renaissance: scientific and artistic awakening that rejected religious explanations • Nations began to form during this time as well • England, Portugal, France, Spain and Italy • Some formed as a result of war, some from marriage of royal families • Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain expelled all Jews and Muslims from the nation form an all Catholic Spain by 1492

  5. Searching for an Empire • To gain the upper hand in world trade, nations began to look beyond their borders • New technology made sailing much easier, with inventions like the compass, astrolabe, and sails • Portugal led the way, establishing a sailing school in the 1400s • Opened up trade with Africa • Gold and slaves were the chief items of trade • Portugal became the first nation to actively search for a route directly to Asia, bypassing Arabia • Bartholomeu Dias: rounded the Cape of Good Hope (S. Africa) in 1488 • Vasco da Gama: sailed around Africa to India in 1498, opening up trade directly with Asia • Led to other nations sponsoring voyages around the world

  6. Spain • Christopher Columbus is credited, inaccurately, with “discovering” America • Set sail from Spain in August 1492 • Landed in the Bahamas in October • Made four voyages throughout the Caribbean over the next few years, establishing Spain as a world power • The inspiration of the conquistadors to travel was God, gold and glory • Columbus inspired many others to explore further • Vasco Nunez de Balboa: crossed Panama, first European to see Pacific Ocean (1513) • Ferdinand Magellan: first to circumnavigate the world around South America (died before completing the voyage, 1519-1521) • Francisco Coronado: explored SW United States • Hernan Cortes: conquered the Aztecs in 1521 • Francisco Pizarro: conquered the Incas in 1532

  7. Spain • Spain had great influence on mainland United States during their heyday • Juan Ponce de Leon: searched Florida for the “fountain of youth” • Attempted to convert all Native Americans to Catholicism, with most resisting • Pueblo Revolt (1680): hundreds of Spanish killed and driven from Santa Fe, NM • Colonized the United States from Florida to California, setting up numerous Catholic missions in the process • Colonization attempts intensified as the French and English began to exert their influence in the Americas

  8. France • Rather than trying to find gold and destroy Native American populations, the French colonized in a different manner • Took advantage of the lucrative fur trade • Tried to befriend Native tribes, establishing trading posts • Settled mostly in Canada and the Northern United States • Established posts along the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes • Eventually led expeditions along the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico • Most prominent explorers were Jacques Cartier and Father Jacques Marquette

  9. England • England wanted to take control of the world trade by finding the Northwest Passage • Waterway through the Americas to Asia • Not discovered until 1900, only accessible for a few months of the year after ice melts • Heavily influenced by the Protestant Reformation, led by Martin Luther • Wanted to limited Catholic influence in the world • Many notable people involved in exploration for the English • Sir Francis Drake: a privateer (“sea dog”) responsible for raiding Spanish ships and defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588 • Henry Hudson: sailed up Hudson River (NY) and discovered Hudson Bay (Canada) • Sir Walter Raleigh: established Roanoke colony in 1585 • Colony mysteriously failed, with only the word CROATOAN carved in a tree upon his return in 1590 after going to England for supplies

  10. England • After the Roanoke failure, companies were created to search for gold and colonize areas of the eastern seaboard of the United States • Jamestown would be the first experiment in 1607 • Settled in present day Virginia • Disease, harsh conditions, and lazy colonists nearly doomed the colony from the start • Would not have survived without help from several • John Smith: chosen leader of Jamestown • Pocahontas: Native American girl that prevented a slaughter of the colonists • Gold was never found, but survival was ensured by tobacco • Slaves and indentured servants poured into Virginia to farm tobacco • Led to wars among the Natives and colonists, nearly destroying the colony in 1622

  11. Pilgrims and the Plymouth Colony • After Jamestown, the next colony to be settled by the English in America would be Plymouth • Settled in 1620 by a religious group known as the Pilgrims • The Pilgrims were a group of Separatists, a religious sect that wished to break away from the Church of England • Most radical of the Puritans, Separatists wanting to “purify” the church of all Catholic rituals • Landed in present day Massachusetts after sailing across the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower • Originally bound for New York harbor, but blown off course • Devised a form of government aboard ship before going ashore (Mayflower Compact) • Survived with help from the local Wampanoag Indians and Squanto, who taught the Pilgrims to farm the poor soil • Celebrated the harvest in the fall of 1621, marked as the first Thanksgiving

  12. New England Colonies • Led to a Great Migration of people searching for religious freedom in a new land • Besides Plymouth, several other colonies were formed in present day New England • Massachusetts Bay Colony: formed in 1630, church guided daily life and government, including beliefs of predestination, education and moral codes • Women were subservient to men • Families were large, negating need for widespread slavery or indentured servitude • Relied heavily on trade with other nations and colonies • Connecticut: founded in 1639 after many looked for land after differences with the Puritan Church • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: considered first constitution of colonies • Rhode Island: founded in 1636, chartered in 1644by Roger Williams, established separation of church and state • Accepted Anne Hutchinson into the colony after she was banished from Mass. • Religious led to numerous conflicts, such as the Salem Witch Trials in 1692 • Dozens tried, 19 executed for being “witches”

  13. Southern Colonies • The Southern Colonies were formed for many reasons • Maryland: formed as a haven for Catholics, but the Toleration Act of 1649 granted freedom to all in the colony • Relied heavily on tobacco, like Virginia, possibly by slavery and indentured servants • Bacon’s Rebellion • More and more people in Virginia were landless and unable to make a living • Whites began moving onto Indian lands, causing tensions • Natives were attacked by colonists, led by Nathaniel Bacon, in 1676, ending in his death • Slave trade • Brutal living conditions for slaves, from the Middle Passage to America, to the farms and plantations in which they worked • Many unsuccessful rebellions ensued, notably the Stono Rebellion in 1739, where 30 whites were killed before the rebellion quelled

  14. Southern Colonies • Other colonies were formed as grants to proprietors, or as royal colonies • Carolinas: attracted many different settlers, relying on rice production, formed in 1660s, taken over by crown in 1720 • New York: originally a Dutch colony, taking over bloodlessly in 1664 by the English • New Jersey: formed after English takeover of NY, granted to friends of the Duke of York • Pennsylvania: haven for Quakers, formed by William Penn; also formed Delaware after Swedish settlers abandoned the colony • Georgia: haven for criminals and debtors from England in 1733, tried to outlaw slavery and liquor, but failed, becoming a royal colony in 1752 • Colonies were run on the policy of mercantilism • Mother country only strong if they could export more than import • Navigation Acts dictated rules on shipping and trade

  15. Colonial Tensions • To control the colonies more, King James II stiffened the rules over colonies in 1684 • Colonists and English alike hated the King • In 1688, a bloodless revolution, the Glorious Revolution, overthrew James and placed William and Mary at the throne, establishing parliamentary power in England and colonies • Enlightenment: movement of the late 1600s and 1700s that emphasized human reason • Great Awakening: religious revivals of the mid-1700s, sparking formations of several new denominations of Christianity, including Methodists and Baptists • Also opened up greater religious participation to the poor and enslaved, often ignored before

  16. Colonial Struggle • While settlement continued, fights over lands between the English, French and Native Americans ensued • The French established forts and trading posts for the fur trade while the English wanted to farm the lands • Wars were fought between Natives and English • Pequot War: 1637, wiped out Pequot Indians • Metacom (King Philip’s) War: 1675, killed thousands of Natives, taking more land for colonial use • Iroquois League: formed in the 1500s as a protection for tribes of New York state, tried to work peacefully between the French, English and other tribes • Benjamin Franklin proposed a league for the colonies to protect from the growing Iroquois influence • Albany Plan of Union (1754) • Failed to gain approval, used later as a model for the first US government

  17. French and Indian War • Broke out in 1754 in North American, spread to Europe in 1756 • Also known as the Seven Years’ War • Fight over land claimed by England and France, with the Native Americans helping the French • English lost many battles in the beginning, but finance minister William Pitt poured money into troops and supplies to turn the tide • Eventually claimed Fort Duquesne (Fort Pitt, modern day Pittsburgh), which convinced the Iroquois to switch sides • War ended with British takeover of French held Quebec in 1759, with sporadic fighting the next 4 years • Treaty of Paris signed in 1763 • France surrendered all North American claims except New Orleans • Spain surrendered Florida, but gained all land west of Mississippi River • Set the stage for the colonial rebellion that led to American independence

More Related