Social Studies 20-2

1. Social Studies 20-2 Chapter 15 The Quest for Canadian Unity

2. Key Terms • Patriated • Equalization payments • Inherent right • Ecozone • Economic nationalists

3. Should Canadian unity be promoted? • Volunteer to read page 333 • On your own please answer the bulleted questions

4. What is National Unity? • Please read top half of page 334 • This if often closely tied to their sense of identity • When people feel a sense of national unity, they identify with others who belong to the same nation • For many Canadians, this sense of National identity and unity means sharing basic beliefs and values, such as respect for diversity

5. Forces Affecting National Unity • Read the bottom half of page 334 • Internal and external events can affect national unity • During World War I and World War II many Canadians felt a strong sense of national unity • Lead to the development of Remembrance Day to honour those who have died for Canada

6. Fragile Unity • Please read page 335 • Some Canadians believe that national unity will eventually break down and Canada will become a number of small countries • In 2006 – 1 in 3 Canadians felt that Quebec will split from Canada by 2020 • In 2006 – 1 in 3 Albertans believed that Canada’s western provinces should think about forming their own country.

7. How does the Nature of Canada Affect National Unity • Read page 336 • Individuals often have different goals and concerns compared to others and those differences can cause conflict among group members • Nations and countries experience the same things

8. Geography of Canada • Please read page 337 • Because of geography the needs from Coast to Coast and North to South are very different – this causes tension between the different regions • Since 2002 Alberta had the highest rate of economic growth ever recorded by a Canadian province – Alberta also had the highest unemployment rate and its new prosperity has led to attracting skilled workers from other provinces such as Newfoundland without most of their skilled labourers

9. Western Alienation • Read all of page 338 • Federal government decides how all tax money collected from Canadians will be spent = tax revenue • Tax revenue helps pay for various federally funded programs, including health care, post-secondary education, and farm improvement loans • Federal goals and spending do not always match the goals and needs of people in specific regions of the country • Some Canadians believe that not everyone benefits equally from federal programs

10. Western Alienation 2 • In Alberta and western provinces believe they are not benefiting as much as other provinces leading to feelings of alienation • In 1982 – National Energy Program brought alienation feelings to a head --- Alberta and Federal government argued over who should control oil development and revenues

11. West Wants In • Feelings of Alienation led to the founding of the Reform Party – led by Preston Manning • Duty was to promote Western Canada’s ideals • Was very popular and in 1997 became the official opposition in federal parliament

12. West not alone • Please read the top of page 339

13. Federal System and National Unity • Read the bottom half of page 339 • In 1789 when the United States went into its civil war, Canada was watching • John A. Macdonald and others wanted to avoid a similar conflict so as a result they agreed that federal and provincial or territorial governments would share some powers – any powers not covered in the British North America Act would belong to the Federal Government

14. 1982 • Situation regarding shared powers changed in 1982 when Canada patriated the Constitution • In 1982 provinces were given new rights and powers, such as exclusive control over resource development

15. Issues Affecting National Unity • In Canada the following issues have made it difficult to build unity: • Equalization Payments • Provincial Issues • Quebecois as a Nation • Economic Changes • Migrating Workers • Complete handout 4.15.4 while doing this section

16. Equalization Payments explained • Read the top of page 340 • The federal government must ensure that all Canadians – no matter where they live – have equal access to public services • These services include health care and social services, electricity, and clean water. • Since 1957, the Canadian government has used a system of equalization payments to try and achieve these goals

17. Equalization Payments 2 • The government receives the money for these payments from taxes it collects from Canadian individuals and businesses • Tax revenue is distributed to provinces that are in need • The provincial governments that receive the payments then decide how to spend the money • Check out figure 15-10. How might these payments affect national unity?

18. Equalization Payments 3 • Provincial governments and citizens to not always agree with federal government decisions. • Which ones do you think disagree? • Prosperous provinces often claim that their taxpayers contribute to much to these programs. Less prosperous provinces sometimes say they do not receive enough equalization payments • Read the bottom of page 340, as well as page 341

19. Political Representation • Read top of page 342 • Canada’s political representation is spread unevenly across the country-just like its population=problem • Because of representation by population, smaller population regions are not represented well in government • 2/3 of Canadians live in Ontario and Quebec

20. Official Multiculturalism • Read the bottom of page 342 • 1971 – Canada became the first country to adopt multiculturalism as an official government policy • This policy was affirmed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and strengthened in the Multiculturalism Act of 1988 • By 2006 – estimated 1 in 6 Canadians was a member of a visible minority group

21. The Quebec Issue • Quebec nationalism has caused a real cause for concern when trying to create a national unity • The Canadian government has put a lot of effort into convincing Quebec they are part of Canada • Read page 343

22. Challenges for Francophones across Canada • Outside of Quebec French culture and language is often ignored • Many provinces outlawed French being taught in schools • Even up to 1930 – Saskatchewan barred the teaching of French, even outside school hours

23. Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism • In 1963, talk of separation was growing in Quebec. In Mayan extremist separatist group called the Front de Liberation du Quebec, or FLQ started a terrorist campaign by planting bombs in mailboxes • Federal government realized that a problem was becoming serious • Established the Bi-Bi Commission

28. Reactions to the Bi-Bi Commission • Read the top of page 344 • Western Canada was very suspicious and saw it as a government trick to force them to learn French • Aboriginals felt they were left out and not considered • Some saw it as a way to distract people from provinces economic and social problems

29. Official Bilingualism • Read the bottom of page 344 • Official Languages Act was passed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1969 • Goals were to: • Affirm French and English as official languages of Canada • Preserve and develop official language communities in Canada • Guarantee that federal services are available in both official languages • Ensure that Anglophones and Francophone's have equal opportunities to participate in Parliament and federal institutions, such as courts and the federal civil service

30. The View from Here • Please read page 345

31. Aboriginal Self-determination and National Unity • Please read pages 346-347 • Self determination often demands a degree of self-governance • Aboriginal peoples believe that self-determination is an inherent right – a right that exists because they occupied the land and governed themselves for thousands of years before Europeans arrived in North America.

32. Nunavik and the New North • Please read page 348-349 Now complete Handout 4.15.5

33. Emerging Trends Affecting National Unity • Trends occurring inside and outside Canada are likely to affect Canadian unity, these include: • Immigration • Urbanization • Aboriginal Peoples • Complete handout 4.15.6 while doing this section

34. Immigration • Read page 350 • The population of Canada increasingly reflects all the nations of the world • 2006 census of Canada • Canada’s foreign born population grew 4x faster than Canadian born populations • 58.3 % of immigrants came from Asia • More than 20% of Canadians speak neither French or English as their first language • Check out figure 15-24- Suprised?

35. Urbanization • Read page 351 • In 1901 only 37% of population lived in urban areas • By 1956 – 67% lived in Urban areas • By 2001 – 80% lived in Urban areas • Growth of Urban areas places pressure on various public services in provinces – strains resources • The more people living in an area the more responsibility, example Toronto. • A growing number of Aboriginal people are living in urban areas. Respond to the red question

36. Economic Globalization • Read page 352-353 • Economic nationalists – people who believe that a country`s businesses and industries should be protected – and that trade agreements are often a double edged sword • One hand– may provide citizens with economic prosperity • May threaten a country`s ability to make decisions that are in the best interest of its citizens and jobs may also be lost when companies move

37. Canadian Space Technology • A Canadian Space company known as MDA was planning on selling its technology to an American company for $1.3 billion • The Canadian government was obligated to look into the purchase, and in the end the sale would NOT benefit Canadians so it was denied. • Canadians felt very strongly about the sale of MDA and the governments action, leading to many other questions/concerns