CO 14

1. Chapter 12: Genotype  Phenotype CO 14

2. GENES SPECIFY ENZYMES

3. GENES SPECIFY PROTEINS

4. The Central Dogma DNA  RNA Amino Acid (Protein)

5. Figure 14.3 RNA is a lot like DNA, except: 1. Ribose 2. Uracil 3. Single Strand *Can leave the nucleus, carries the "message" 

6. Every 3 bases on mRNA  (messenger RNA) is called a CODON Each CODON specifies one AMINO ACID Chains of amino acids are proteins          (ex.  hemoglobin) Figure 14.5

7. TRANSCRIPTION: The process where mRNA is made from DNA Follows base-pair rule has uracil instead of thymine RNA polymerase is used to build the strand of RNA Figure 14.6

8. Transcription Animations Transcription: Stolaf.edu Transcription:  University of Nebraska Transcription: Concord.org

9. Translation:  process by which protein is built from the mRNA  tRNA is used to build an amino acid chain Each 3 bases on mRNA codes for a single amino acid. 

10. 3 bases on mRNA       = a codon Matching 3 bases on tRNA     = anticodon tRNA has a single attached amino acid

11. Translation occurs on the ribosome mRNA is threaded through the small and large subunit

12. Figure 14.10b

13. Each tRNA delivers an amino acid which binds to the previous amino acid, eventually forming a long chain .....a PROTEIN

14. All genes start with AUG, also called the START CODON It attaches to anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine

15. Figure 14.12

16. Figure 14.13

17. The Big Picture  (aka The Central Dogma)

18. Figure 14.4

19. Animations of Translation Translation: Stolaf.edu Translation: University of Nebraska Translation: Concord.org

23. Figure 12Bc

24. Figure 12Bda

25. NONDISJUNCTION CHANGES CHROMOSOME NUMBERS Figure 12.10a

26. NONDISJUNCTION CHANGES CHROMOSOME NUMBERS Figure 12.10b

27. Figure 12Bdb

28. DOWN SYNDROME & Gart Gene Figure 12.11

29. Figure 12.11b

30. Figure 12Ba

31. Figure 12Bb

32. Figure 12.12a

33. Figure 12.12b

34. Trisomy 18 - Edward's Syndrome • Failure to grow and gain weight at the expected rate and severe feeding difficulties, diminished muscle tone and episodes in which there is temporary cessation of spontaneous breathing • Developmental delays and intellectual disability • A prominent back portion of the head, low-set, malformed ears, an abnormally small jaw, a small mouth an upturned nose, narrow eyelid folds, widely spaced eyes, and drooping of the upper eyelids

35. TRISOMY 13 (also known as Patau syndrome) - Of all babies born with the extra copy of chromosome 13 in all the cells of their body, around 50% die in the first month, and the rest within the first year Median survival age for children with Patau syndrome is 2.5 days

36. CHROMOSOME MUTATIONS

37. Figure 12.13

38. Figure 12.13a

39. Figure 12.13b

40. Figure 12.13c

41. Figure 12.13d

42. Figure 12.14

43. DELETION MUTATION (WILLIAMS SYNDROME)

44. Williams Syndrome –Deletion of Chromosome 7

45. Figure 12.16

46. Figure 12.16b

47. CRI DU CHATDeletion of Chromosome #5

48. FRAGILE X - duplication mutation