Background: the Federal Clean Air Act and the Ozone NAAQS

1. Background: the Federal Clean Air Act and the Ozone NAAQS Air Improvement Resources Advisory Committee Meeting Alamo Area Council of Governments January 17, 2013

2. What is ozone? • Ozone is an odorless, colorless gas. • Ground-level ozone can cause: • shortness of breath • coughing or wheezing • headaches nausea • throat and lung irritation • Ground-level ozone’s effects are most profound on children, the elderly, and those with reduced lung capacity.

3. What Causes Ozone? Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) & Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Note: NOx = NO + NO2 (<= criteria)

4. Clean Air Act & National Ambient Air Quality Standards • Federal Clean Air Act requires EPA to set • National Ambient Air Quality Standards for • Pollutants harmful to public health & environment • Six “Criteria” Air Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide, Lead, Nitrogen Dioxide, Particulate Matter, Sulfur Dioxide & • Ozone KEY Compliance with Eight-Hour Ozone Standard A community will meet the eight-hour ozone standard when the three-year average of the annual fourth highest daily maximum eight-hour ozone concentration measured at each monitoring site is less than 76 parts per billion (ppb).

5. Violations and Nonattainment of the Ozone Standard in the AACOG region Violation: the three year average of ozone levels on local monitors was too high. On August 21, two monitors violated the 2008 ozone standard. KEY * quality assurance/checks by TCEQ required prior to finalization The “Three-Year Average” needs to be less than 76 parts per billion (ppb). Data: http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/cgi-bin/compliance/monops/8hr_attainment.pl

6. Requirements vs. Discretion Requirements: • The current 2008 ozone standard is now under review: • May be revised in 2013 according to the five-year review cycle. • IF the standard revised in 2013, and timeline did not change: • Proposal for a revised standard would be published in 2013 • Final standard promulgated in 2014. • Nonattainment designations promulgated in 2016 . • Designations would be made based on 2013-2015 data. • Next summer: possibly the 1st year in the 3-year average for designations under a more stringent ozone standard. • Now is a great time to initiate dedicated air quality improvements. KEY

7. Ozone Trends, San Antonio Region, 1980-2012

8. Emission Trends for VOC and NOx in San Antonio / New Braunfels MSA 1996 to 2018 San Antonio 8-County MSA Population

9. DRAFT Eagle Ford Not Included

10. DRAFT Initial Estimations: EFS, 2012

11. Eagle Ford & SA-NB Metropolitan Statistical Area Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/rpd/shaleusa9.pdf

12. New Power Generation in East Texas (Completed 2009-2011)

13. Proposed Power Generation in East Texas (After March 2013)

14. Ozone Increases Downwind from Major Combustion Sources Ozone Increases Further Due to Numerous Urban Sources High Ozone Extends Downward from Urban Areas Rural Background Ozone Level Relatively low Wind Direction Rural Sources Cars Trucks Locomotives Small Engines Vegetation Major Combustion Sources Power Generation Cement Industry Manufacturing Urban Sources Cars Trucks Buses Airports Industries Construction Lawn & Garden Equipment Vegetation Courtesy TCEQ

15. Transport Image courtesy of the Capital Area Council of Governments