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Chapter 8 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

DNA. Transcription. Ribosome. mRNA. Translation. Polypeptide (protein). Chapter 8 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. Cell. DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) Nucleic acid that composes chromosomes and carries genetic information. CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION

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Chapter 8 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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  1. DNA Transcription Ribosome mRNA Translation Polypeptide (protein) Chapter 8The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Cell

  2. DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) • Nucleic acid that composes chromosomes and carries genetic information.

  3. CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION 1. A chromosome is an enormous strand of super coiled DNA. 2. Sections of DNA on the chromosome that code for proteins are called genes. 3. Noncoding sections of DNA are called “junk DNA” (regulatory or unknown function)

  4. BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA Composed of nucleotides • Nucleotides contain three parts: 1. 5-Carbon Sugar (deoxyribose) 2. Phosphate Group 3. Nitrogen Base (four types, adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine)

  5. Adenine and Guanine are purines (composed of two rings of nitrogen atoms)

  6. Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines (composed of one ring of nitrogen atoms)

  7. STRUCTURE OF DNA • Consists of two strands of nucleotides that form a twisted ladder (double helix) • Sugar and phosphate alternate along the sides of the ladder (linked by strong covalent bonds) • Pairs of nitrogen bases form the rungs of the ladder (linked by weak hydrogen bonds).

  8. Specific base pairing arrangement (Chargaff’s Rule) A-T : 2 hydrogen bonds C-G : 3 hydrogen bonds • Nitrogen bases attach to the sugar portion of the side (NOT the phosphate) • Strands run in opposite directions

  9. FUNCTION OF DNA • DNA codes for proteins (structural proteins, enzymes, and hormones) • information for building proteins is carried in the sequence of nitrogen bases • proteins determine physical and metabolic traits and regulate growth and development.

  10. DNA REPLICATION Process in which DNA is copied. PURPOSE OF DNA REPLICATION Gives daughter cells produced by cell division a complete set of genetic information identical to the parent cell. WHERE REPLICATION OCCURS Nucleus WHEN DURING THE CELL CYCLE REPLICATION OCCURS Interphase (S)

  11. HOW REPLICATION OCCURS 1. Helicase enzymes unzip the parent strand by separating the nitrogen base pairs. 2. DNA polymerase pairs free DNA nucleotides with the exposed bases on both strands following the base pair rules. • each strand from the parent molecule serve as a template

  12. 3. Hydrogen bonds reform spontaneously sealing the two strands of each DNA molecule together.

  13. RESULTS OF REPLICATION • Two molecules of DNA that are identical • Each is half old (strand from parent) and half new (strand synthesized by DNA polymerase)

  14. RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID) Nucleic acid involved in the synthesis of proteins

  15. RNA STRUCTURE Composed of nucleotides, but differs from DNA in three ways. • Single strand of nucleotides instead of double stranded • Has uracil instead of thymine • Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

  16. DNA RNA Double strand Single strand A---Thymine A---Uracil Deoxyribose Ribose

  17. RNA FUNCTION Three forms of RNA involved in protein synthesis 1. mRNA (messenger): copies instructions in DNA and carries these to the ribosome. 2. tRNA (transfer): carries amino acids to the ribosome. 3. rRNA (ribosomal): composes the proteins (ribosome).

  18. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells build proteins following instructions coded in genes (DNA). • Consists of two parts, transcription and translation

  19. TRANSCRIPTION DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA. WHY? • DNA cannot leave the nucleus. Proteins are made in the cytoplasm. mRNA serves as a “messenger” and carries the protein building instructions to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

  20. LOCATION OF TRANSCRIPTION Nucleus HOW TRANSCRIPTION OCCURS 1. RNA polymerase untwists and unzips a section of DNA (usually a single gene) from a chromosome.

  21. 2. RNA polymerase pairs free RNA nucleotides to the exposed bases of one of the DNA strands following base pair rules. • Uracil replaces thymine • Only 1 strand of DNA serves as a template, the other “hangs out” 3. Newly synthesized mRNA separates from template DNA and DNA zips back up.

  22. Protein Synthesis: Transcription

  23. RESULT OF TRANSCRIPTION mRNA strand with instructions for building a protein that leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm.

  24. TRANSCRIPTION EXAMPLE • Transcribe the following DNA Sequence in mRNA TAC CGG ATC CTA GGA TCA AUG GCC UAG GAU CCU AGU

  25. PROTEINS Structural and functional components of organisms. • Composed of amino acids (monomers). • order of nucleotides in DNA determines order of amino acids in a protein • One gene codes for one protein

  26. GENETIC CODE The “language” that translates the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA (mRNA) into the amino acids of a protein. • Codon = three nucleotides on DNA or mRNA • One codon specifies one amino acid • Some codons are redundant (code for the same amino acid) • The genetic code is universal to all organisms

  27. TRANSLATION Instructions in mRNA are used to build a protein

  28. PROCESS OF TRANSLATION 1. mRNA binds to the ribosome. 2. Ribosome searches for start codon (AUG) 3. tRNA brings correct amino acid (methionine) to the ribosome. • Each tRNA carries one type of amino acid. • The anticodon (three nitrogen bases on tRNA) must complement codon for amino acid to be added to protein chain

  29. 4. ribosome reads next codon 5. tRNA’s continue lining up amino acids according to codons 6. peptide bonds link amino acids together 7. ribosome reaches STOP codon • Amino acid chain is released

  30. LOCATION OF TRANSLATION ribosome (in the cytoplasm) RESULT OF TRANSLATION A Protein

  31. Protein Synthesis: Translation

  32. OH NH2 P HO O Adenine N N O N N CH2 O B A S E S H O O Guanine P HO O N NH O SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE N NH2 N CH2 O Arginine H O NH2 Adenine P HO O N N O N N CH2 O OH H A Codon

  33. Protein Synthesis: Translation

  34. Protein Synthesis: Translation

  35. fMet P A Large subunit E UAC 5’ GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA 3’ mRNA Small subunit Translation - Initiation

  36. Polypeptide Arg Met Phe Leu Ser Aminoacyl tRNA Gly P A UCU Ribosome E CCA 5’ GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA 3’ mRNA Translation - Elongation

  37. Polypeptide Met Phe Leu Ser Arg Gly P A Ribosome E CCA UCU 5’ GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA 3’ mRNA Translation - Elongation Aminoacyl tRNA

  38. DNA: TAC CTT GTG CAT GGG ATC mRNA AUG GAA CAC GUA CCC UAG A.A MET G.A HIS VAL PRO STOP

  39. IMPORTANT CODONS • AUG = start translation (Met) • UAA, UAG, UGA= stop translation

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