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Chapter 9 Medical Terminology and Chapter 20 Body Structures: THE URINARY SYSTEM

Chapter 9 Medical Terminology and Chapter 20 Body Structures: THE URINARY SYSTEM. FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. Balances water, salts, and acids by removing excess fluids or reabsorbing water as needed

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Chapter 9 Medical Terminology and Chapter 20 Body Structures: THE URINARY SYSTEM

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  1. Chapter 9 Medical TerminologyandChapter 20 Body Structures:THE URINARY SYSTEM

  2. FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM • Balances water, salts, and acids by removing excess fluids or reabsorbing water as needed • Filters the blood to remove urea (major waste product of protein metabolism) and other waste materials • Converts waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excretes them from the body thru the urinary bladder **all functions required to maintain homeostasis in body

  3. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM • The Kidneys • The Renal Pelvis • The Nephrons • The Ureters • 10 – 12 inches long, carry urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder • The Urinary Bladder • Hollow muscular organ, reservoir for urine • The Urethra • Extends from the bladder to the outside of the body www.sua.org.sg/ articles_1a.htm

  4. THE KIDNEYS – renal: pertaining to the kidney • Constantly filtering blood to remove waste and excess water • Location: retroperitoneum, bilaterally below the diaphragm • Renal cortex: outer layer of kidney, contains nephrons • Medulla: inner layer, contains urine-collecting tubules www.cornwallis.kent.sch.uk/.../ 1organs1.htm

  5. THE NEPHRONS • Functional units of the kidneys • Form urine by the process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion • Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries surrounded by a membrane called the Bowman’s Capsule • Blood flows into kidney via the renal artery, waste is filtered in the capillaries of the glomerulus (urine), then blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein • Waste products are transported to the renal pelvis before entering the ureters

  6. RENAL ARTERY (1) RENAL VEIN (2) RENAL PELVIS (3) MEDULLA (4) RENAL CORTEX (5) URETER (6) ?????????????????????????? WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PIGMENT THAT GIVES URINE IT’S STRAW COLOR?? UROCHROME www.revisioncentral.co.uk/.../ human_kidneys.html

  7. THE URETHRA • (2) Urinary sphincters: control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra (proximally) and out of the urethra (distally) through the urethral meatus • Urinary meatus: external opening of the urethra • The neck of the male urethra is surrounded by the prostate gland www.4woman.gov/faq/ urinary.htm

  8. THE EXCRETION OF URINE • Micturition(voiding) • Requires coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the sphincters, forcing the urine through the urethra and out through the urinary meatus www.upmccancercenters.com/.../ prostategland.html

  9. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE URINARY SYSTEM • Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the kidneys • NEPHROLOGIST • Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males • UROLOGIST

  10. PATHOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM • Renal Failure • Anuria: complete suppression of urine formation • Uremia: toxic condition caused by excessive amount of waste products in bloodstream • Acute Renal Failure: sudden onset due to injury or surgery • Chronic Renal Failure: progressive disease, may require dialysis or transplantation • End-Stage Renal Disease: ESRD late stages of renal failure • Nephrotic Syndrome: general group of kidney diseases

  11. Kidneys • Glomerulonephritis • Hydronephrosis: dilation of renal pelvis as a result of obstruction • Nephritis: inflammation of the kidney • Pyelitis: inflammation of the renal pelvis • Pyelonephritis: inflammation of the renal pelvis and of the kidney

  12. Stones (calculus) • Abnormal mineral deposit • Calculi vary in size • Named for the organ or tissue where they are located • Nephrolithiasis: characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney

  13. Ureters • Hydroureter: distention of the ureter with urine due to obstruction • Ureterectasis: distention of the ureter • Ureterorrhagia: discharge of blood from the ureter • Ureterostenosis: stricture of the ureter

  14. Urinary Bladder • Cystalgia: pain in the bladder • Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder • Interstitial Cystitis: inflammation of the wall of the bladder • Cystocele: hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall • Cystorrhagia: bleeding from the bladder • UTI: infections occur more frequently in women • Vesicovaginal Fistula - abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina

  15. Urethra • Reflux: blockage of the urethra causing urine to back up into the ureters • Urethralgia • Urethrostenosis: stricture or stenosis of the urethra www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/cerf/ iconocerf/P/Doss...

  16. Urination • Diuresis: increased excretion of urine • Dysuria: difficult or painful urination – frequently associated with UTI’s • Enuresis: involuntary discharge of urine (nocturnal enuresis) • Nocturia: excessive urination during the night • Oliguria: scanty urination • Urinary Retention: inability to void or empty the bladder

  17. www.upmc.edu/minsurg/ UrinaryStress.htm • Incontinence: the inability to control excretory functions • Urinary Incontinence • Urinary Stress Incontinence • Urge Incontinence: urination occurs involuntarily as soon as an urgent desire to urinate is felt

  18. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM • Catheterization: insertion of a sterile catheter through the urethra, into the bladder • Performed to withdraw urine • To relieve urinary retention pressures • To prevent incontinence during surgical procedures • May also be used to place fluids, such as contrast (VCUG) in bladder www.amershamhealth.com/medcyclopaedia/ Volume%...

  19. Cystoscopy:cysto – visual exam of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope • IVP: radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters • Iodine is injected into a vein to define structures www.hospital.saga-med.ac.jp/.../ gyoumu.htm

  20. TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM • Medications • Dialysis • Kidneys • Transplantation • Nephrolysis: freeing of a kidney from adhesions • Nephrostomy: opening between the pelvis of the kidney through its cortex to the outside • Removal of Kidney Stones • Lithrotripsy: destruction of a stone with the use of ultrasonic waves traveling through water • Nephrolithotomy: surgical removal of kidney stone

  21. TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Cystectomy: surgical removal of all or part of bladder • Cystopexy: surgical fixation of bladder to the abdominal wall • Lithotomy: surgical incision for the removal of a stone, usually from the bladder • Suprapubic catheter: indwelling catheter placed into the bladder through a small incision through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

  22. Urinary cath dialysis nephrectomy Renal stones KUB cystoscopy

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