Understanding the Respiratory System: Anatomy, Functions & Disorders

1. The Respiratory System 9 Lesson 9.1: Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System Lesson 9.2: Respiration: Mechanics and Control Lesson 9.3: Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

2. Chapter 9: The Respiratory System Lesson 9.1 Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System

3. Anatomy of the Respiratory System • the nose • the nasal cavity • the pharynx • the larynx • the trachea • the bronchi • the lungs

4. Anatomy of the Respiratory System

5. Anatomy of the Respiratory System • the nose • nares • the nasal cavity • Lined with mucous membranes to filter and purify • Ciliated, olfactory hairs/receptors, nerves and vessels • Conchae –scrolls that increase surface area • Superior, inferior and middle- 3 passageways • Increase turbulence to help filter particles----boogers

6. Anatomy of the Respiratory System • the palate • Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity • Uvula • Cleft palate • the sinuses-4 of them (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoid, maxillary) • Lighten head ( holes) • warm and humidify air, increase tone

7. The Upper Respiratory Tract

8. Anatomy of the Respiratory System • the pharynx- 5in • Tonsils- lymph • Eustachian • the larynx • 8 plates of cartilage • Thyroid cartilage • Adams apple • Epiglottis • Vocal folds • the trachea 4 in • 5th vertebrae • C rings

9. Anatomy of the Respiratory System • the bronchi • primary bronchi- R and L • R shorter (top lobe) • bronchioles • the alveoli • surfactant • pores of Kohn- allow macrophage travel • the alveolar capillary membrane • Gas exchange (diffusion)

11. Anatomy of the Respiratory System • the lungs- 2.5 pounds, float • Mediastinum • Central area where heart, esophagus, etc located • Left Lung- 2 lobes, indentation for the heart • Right Lung- 3 lobes • Apex- top sits just below collarbone • pleural sac • parietal pleura • visceral pleura

12. Chapter 9: The Respiratory System Lesson 9.2 Respiration: Mechanics and Control

13. Respiration: Mechanics and Control • respiration • nonrespiratory air maneuvers • control of breathing • lung volume

14. Respiration • also known as breathing • air always moves from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area • four key tasks involved in respiration • pulmonary ventilation- lungs move air in and out * • external respiration- oxygen introduction * • respiratory gas transport- O2 and CO2 exchange- 10&11 • internal respiration- gas exchange at cellular level-10&11

15. Respiration • Boyle’s law • Gas volume is inversely proportional to its pressure • At rest ( no airflow), intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure are at 760mm Hg • Drop in intrapulmonary pressure= take in air • Rise in internal pressure= expel air

16. Respiration • inspiration (inhalation)- active process • Diaphragm flattens and external intercostal muscles contract • thoracic cavity expands, pulling the lungs to expand • pressure decreases to 757mm Hg ( negative pressure/vacuum) • expiration (exhalation)- passive process • Diaphragm rises and external intercostal muscles relax • thoracic cavity shrinks • IP pressure rises a little- 763 mmHg (positive pressure/air forced out)

17. Respiration

18. Nonrespiratory Air Maneuvers

19. Control of Breathing 12-15 breaths per minute • neural factors- control normal breathing pattern • Pons (depth of breath and control of inhale/exhale transition) • medulla oblongata (rate) • Medulla triggers phrenic and IC nerves • Stretch receptors in alveoli (Hering-Breuer)-vagal stimulation to exhale

20. Control of Breathing • chemical factors- CO2 is the trigger! • central chemoreceptors: CSF pH ( high CO2 levels increase acidity) • CO2 can cross the blood/brain barrier • Inspiratory triggers- increase rate and depth of breaths • peripheral chemoreceptors: Blood O2 levels (minor monitoring of pH and CO2 levels • Mechanoreceptors: at the start of increased muscle activity, until CO2 builds up and chemoreceptors take over • Women have a higher RR than Men, Children have a higher RR than adults ( infants 40-60) • Exercise increases RR ( duh) by ~50 bpm, position and emotions can also affect RR

21. Lung Volume Varies • static • Measure air volume in lungs during regular and forced breathing (can only measure by inhaled/exhaled amount) • Tidal Volume= air inhaled in normal breath ( measured for 6+ breaths) • Vital capacity- Deepest breath, then forced exhale as much as possible • Residual volume- what doesn’t leave – can’t measure- requires math and more advanced measurements

22. Static Lung Volume • functional residual capacity • Amount of air left over • inspiratory reserve volume • Inhale after normal inspiration • expiratory reserve volume • Total exhale after normal exhale • total lung capacity • Vital capacity+ residual volume • IRV+TV+ERV+RV=~6L

23. Dynamic Lung Volume- air volume in lungs based on forced expiratory maneuvers • Measured by flow-volume meter for several normal breaths • forced expiratory volume in one second (normal breath)- how well the lungs expel air • forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (after deep breath): normal is about 6 seconds • Airway diseases such as COPD, emphysema and asthma decrease this value to ~80% • Lung related diseases that cause lung stiffness, such as pneumonia or CF decrease BOTH values

24. Chapter 9: The Respiratory System Lesson 9.3 Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

25. Respiratory Disorders and Diseases • upper respiratory tract illnesses- most common • Nasopharyngitis= common cold • lower respiratory tract illnesses • chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases • asthma • lung cancer

26. Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses

27. Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses avg = 2-4/ year • avoiding URIs • cover when sneezing and coughing • wash hands • don’t touch hands to eyes, nose, mouth • Influenza • VIRAL • 5-20%infected per year • 25000 deaths/ year • Vaccine • Problems? icyimage/Shutterstock.com

28. Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses • acute bronchitis • Inflammation of tracheal and bronchial mm • Cough (usually +cold/virus) • NSAID, decongestant/expectorant • pneumonia • Infection of lungs (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic) • Damage to lung cells causes fluid buildup • Gas exchange decreased • Xrays, +/- cultures, Abx, and O2 • Tuberculosis- mycobacterium tuberculosis • Contagious infection of lungs ( can travel to other systems) • Some strains resistant to abx • 2-4 week confinement/isolation (infected droplets)

29. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases • Defined- any lung disorder with long term airway obstruction and difficulty breathing (emphysema and chronic ( > 3 month duration) bronchitis= most common), long term disability, 5% of all deaths in the world (# 3 in the US) • causes • Smoking- ANY TYPE ( even secondhand or occupational exposure), toxic fumes, pollution, chemicals • Increases risk of illnesses, depression, and dyspnea worsens over time • living with COPD ( because there is no cure) • stop smoking (causes 1/5 deaths per year-addiction) • purse-lipped breathing ( technique where inhale through nose, exhale through pursed lips slowly) • Respiratory therapy, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory meds • Therapy DOES NOT slow the dz, only quitting

30. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases • Emphysema- form of COPD • Chronic lung inflammation, alveolar damage, capillary bed damage leading to alveolar rupture- less gas exchange and decreased lung surface area • Hyperventilation triggered to dispel extra CO2-“pink puffers” • chronic bronchitis • Inflammation and excessive mucous obstructs airways • Bacteria can thrive trapped in mucous of lungs • Inc mucous causes decreased RR and inc Cardiac output • Gas exchange still possible • “blue bloaters”- hypoxemia and increased residual volume

31. Asthma • asthma attack • inflamed and narrowed airways • Bronchospasms • Increased mucous production • Wheezing, tightness, cough • caused by family history, allergens or irritants • treatment relaxes muscles to expand airways, limiting exposure to allergens • 8% of adults and 9% of children xavier gallego morel/Shutterstock.com

32. Lung cancer • 90% from smoking • Asbestos, radiation, secondhand smoke, toxins • Death within 1 year (slow growth, fast metastasis, lung function loss) • Small cell or non-small cell • Non more common- slower spread • Small metastasizes before detectible tumor forms • Both- radiation, chemo, tumor removal if caught early