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U.S. Expansion: Conquest of the Western Frontier

Journey through American expansion into the Great Plains and the impact on Native American tribes, notable leaders, battles, and government policies during the late-1800s. Explore the Dawes Severalty Act, Transcontinental Railroad, and Homestead Act.

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U.S. Expansion: Conquest of the Western Frontier

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  1. U.S. History Chapter 13 Lecture Notes

  2. Americans venture into the western “frontier”. • 1. Term describing the vast prairie region of the United States, home to vast numbers of Native American Tribes. Became part of American expansion during the late-1800’s. • Great Plains • 2. Discovery of what mineral in the Black Hills region prompted a dramatic increase in American settlement in the Great Plains and a corresponding rise in tension with the Native Americans. • Gold (Silver in Minnesota) • 3. Route to the west that ran through Sioux hunting grounds, caused a great deal of conflict between the Native Americans and white settlers. • Bozeman Trail • 4. Treaty that gave various Native American tribes control of the Great Plains region in exchange for guaranteeing safe passage for settlers and allowing the U.S. Army to build forts in the region. • Treaty of Fort Laramie

  3. Expansion leads to violence • 5. Native American leaders that fought against American expansion. • Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse • 7. War between the Comanche and U.S. Army, Army authorized the rounding up of peaceful tribes in order to isolate the Comanche. The Army’s brutal tactics crushed resistance on the Southern Plains. • Red River War • 8. Killed by the Sioux and Cheyenne at the Battle of Little Big Horn, his death intensified the efforts of the U.S. Army to crush Native American resistance. • General George Armstrong Custer • 11. This massacre of Native American women, children, and elderly ended Native American resistance on the Great Plains. • Battle of Wounded Knee

  4. Other forms of Resistance • 6. Chief of the Nez Pierce Tribe, he tried to lead his people to Canada, but was forced to a reservation anyway. • Chief Joseph • “I am tired, and from this day forward from where the sun now sets, I shall fight no more forever” • 9. Wrote the book Century of Dishonor exposing the broken promises and false Treaties of the United States government during this period. • Helen Hunt Jackson

  5. Progress Quiz #22 16. Which of the following was a main route to the west that ran through Sioux hunting grounds and caused a great deal of conflict? A. Chisolm Trail B. Trail of Tears C. Bozeman Trail D. Wyoming Trail 17. Which of the following famous American Generals was killed, along with his men, by the Sioux and Cheyenne at the Battle of Little Big Horn? The result was an intensified effort to crush Native American resistance in the Great Plains. A. George Washington B. George McClellan C. George Patton D. George Armstrong Custer

  6. Progress Quiz #22 (Cont.) 18. Which of the following represented a massacre of Native American women, elderly, and children that virtually ended Native American resistance in the Great Plains? A. Battle of Wounded Knee B. Boston Massacre C. Haymarket Square Riot D. Sand Creek Massacre 19. Which of the following made the famous quote “I am tired, from where the Sun now sets I shall fight no more forever” describing the weariness of the Native American people from years of warfare? A. Geronimo B. Chief Joseph C. Sitting Bull D. Crazy Horse

  7. Progress Quiz #22 (Cont.) 20. Which of the following wrote A Century of Dishonor, detailing the broken promises and false treaties between the United States government and the Native American tribes through the course of the 1800s? A. Harriet Beecher Stowe B. Elizabeth Cady Stanton C. Russell Means D. Helen Hunt Jackson

  8. Progress Quiz #22 Answers • C • D • A • B • D * Any Questions?

  9. U.S. Government deals with the “Indian Problem” • 10. Act of Congress that was designed to “Americanize” the Native Americans. It broke up reservation land and sold some of it to settlers. The money was supposed to be used to purchase farm equipment, but the Native Americans saw very little of it. • Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

  10. End of the “Frontier” • 12. Main Cattle route that ran between San Antonio and Abilene, Cattle were then placed on Railroads and shipped to meatpacking centers such as Chicago, Kansas City, and St. Louis. • Chisolm Trail • 13. Invented Barbed Wire, which helped enclose the Great Plains. • Joseph Glidden • Created an Enclosure Movement that ended the days of the “Open Range”

  11. The Transcontinental Railroad inspires people to move west • 14. Railroad line that would run from Chicago to the West Coast and linked markets in the East and West. • Transcontinental Railroad • 15. Two companies that built the Transcontinental Railroad. • Union Pacific • Central Pacific • 16. Two immigrant groups involved in the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. • Irish • Chinese

  12. The Government assists settlers in the move West • 17. Act of Congress that provided free land grants to any citizen or intended citizen that was the head of a household. Over 600,000 families participated. • Homestead Act of 1862 • 18. African Americans who moved from the post- Reconstruction South to Kansas. • Exodusters • 19. Types of prairie homes made necessary because of the absence of trees on the Great Plains. • Sod Houses and Dugouts • 20. Acts of Congress that were designed to establish Agricultural Colleges and Experimentation Stations. • Morrill Act • Hatch Act

  13. Progress Quiz #23 21. Which of the following Acts of Congress represented an attempt to “Americanize” the Native American population, but continued the legacy of false promises established by the U.S. government? A. Dawes Severalty Act B. Chinese Exclusion Act C. Indian Removal Act D. Indian Reorganization Act 22. Which of the following invented barbed wire, which led to an enclosure movement across the Great Plains ending the days of the “open range”? A. John Deere B. Cyrus McCormick C. Joseph Glidden D. Elias Howe

  14. Progress Quiz #23 (Cont.) 23. Which of the following pairs of immigrant groups were responsible for the cheap labor employed during the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad? A. Germans and Scottish B. Italians and Yugoslavians C. British and French D. Chinese and Irish 24. Which of the following pairs of Congressional Legislation provided for Agricultural Colleges and Experimentation Stations aimed at assisting farmers on the Great Plains? A. Morrill Act and Hatch Act B. Selective Service Act and Social Security Act C. FDIC and Securities and Exchange Commission D. Chinese Exclusion Act and Indian Removal Act

  15. Progress Quiz #23 (Cont.) 25. Which of the following Acts of Congress provided free land grants to any citizen, or intended citizen, that promised to live on the land? Over 600,000 families participated. A. Northwest Ordinance B. Mexican Cession C. Homestead Act D. Morrill Act

  16. Progress Quiz #23 Answers • A • C • D • A • C * Any Questions?

  17. Great Plains Farmers face Problems • 21. Huge single-crop farms created by Railroad Companies and other investors. The problem that arose was that the larger the farms grew, the larger their debts grew. • Bonanza Farms • 22. Paper money that could not be exchanged for gold or silver, also known as soft money, it was worth less than hard money of equal face value (because hard money could be exchanged for gold). • Greenbacks • 23. Founded by Oliver Hudson Kelly, it was an organization designed to fight against Railroad abuse. • The Grange

  18. Farmers fight their problems through politics • 24. Political Reform Movement whose goal was to fight for the rights of farmers and to give the people a more direct voice in their government. • Populist Movement • 25. One goal of the Populist Party, it proposed raising prices on goods and services through devaluing the money supply by coining both gold and silver. • Bimetalism • 26. Another goal of the Populist Party, it would tax citizens based on a percentage of their income. • Graduated Income Tax • 27. Another goal of the Populist Party, it would allow citizens to vote for their Senators rather than have them elected by the State Assemblies. • Direct Election of Senators

  19. “The Cross of Gold” • 28. Vocal member of the Populist Movement, he delivered an impassioned speck known as the “Cross of Gold” Speech urging Bimetalism and warning that the gold standard was going to destroy the United States economy. • William Jennings Bryan

  20. Gold Standard vs. Free Silver • 29. Nickname for supporters of the Gold Standard, usually bankers and businessmen, wanted less money in circulation, believed that under the gold standard the value of money was more stable. • Gold Bugs • 30. Nickname of the Bimetalists, they were usually farmers and laborers, preferred more money in circulation, wanted higher prices for goods and services. • Free Silverites

  21. Inflation vs. Deflation • 31. Economic condition caused by rising prices, a devalued money supply, and more people having money. • Inflation (supported by farmers) • 32. Economic condition caused by falling prices, an increased value of money, and fewer people having money. • Deflation (supported by the Gold Bugs)

  22. Progress Quiz #24 26. Which of the following represented a movement in local government designed to fight the abuses of the Railroad Companies against the Great Plains farmers? A. The Green Movement B. The Grange Movement C. The Hippie Movement D. The Beatnik Movement 27. Which of the following was a larger political reform movement that was aimed at fighting for the rights of farmers and to give the people a more direct voice in their government? They spawned many ideas that would later be incorporated into the Progressive Movement. A. Communist Movement B. Labor Movement C. Abolition Movement D. Populist Movement

  23. Progress Quiz #24 (Cont.) 28. Which of the following refers to the proposed coining of both gold and silver in an attempt to devalue the money supply and cause inflation, hoping that this would raise farm prices and prevent foreclosures? A. Inflation B. Bimetalism C. Deflation D. Monetary Supply 29. Which of the following was a leader of the Populist Movement that was a strong supporter of Bimetalism? He made a famous speech titled The Cross of Gold touting the dangers of adhering to the Gold Standard. A. William McKinley B. Theodore Roosevelt C. William Jennings Bryan D. Alfred Smith

  24. Progress Quiz #24 (Cont.) 30. Which of the following economic conditions is characterized by higher prices and a devalued money supply? It was strongly supported by farmers during the late 1800s. A. Inflation B. Recession C. Deflation D. Depression

  25. Progress Quiz #24 Answers • B • D • B • C • A * Any Questions?

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