AP U.S. History Chapter 12

1. AP U.S. HistoryChapter 12 THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE AND THE UPSURGE OF NATIONALISM 1812-1824

2. War of 1812 • One of our worst fought wars • No burning anger • Citizens divided • BUT…emerged from war with renewed sense of nationalism • Protect manufacturing • Build roads • Defend authority of federal gov’t over states

3. On to Canada over Land and Lakes • Army: ill-trained, ill-disciplined, scattered • Supplemented by poor militia • Led by old, tired generals • Offensive strategy against Canada poor • Should have focused on Montreal (center of population & transportation) • 3 pronged invasion beaten back • British & Canadians energetic • Captured American fort Michilimackinac • Defensive operations led by inspired British general • 1813: more American land invasions failed • Looked for success on water

4. American navy: skilled gunners • American frigates: thicker sides, heavy firepower, larger crews • Oliver Perry successfully defeated British fleet on Great Lakes • By 1814, Americans defending own soil from invading British • In Europe, Napoleon defeated & exiled • loss of ally • British prepared to invade NY via Lake Champlain • Big WIN for U.S.

5. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended • Second British force landed in Chesapeake…headed toward D.C. • About 4,000 men • Set fire to public buildings (Capitol & White House) • In Baltimore, Americans held firm • Defended Ft. McHenry • Francis Scott Key: Star Spangled Banner • 1815: Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans • Became national hero • Peace treaty signed two weeks earlier • Battle unleashed wave of nationalism & self-confidence • British royal navy blockaded our coast • Hurt our economy

6. The Treaty of Ghent • Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation • Worried about British (Russia’s ally) • Ghent, Belgium (1814): U.S. sent 5 peacemakers • Including JQA • British made lofty terms…we rejected • News of American victories forced compromise • Treaty of Ghent = armistice • Both sides agreed to stop fighting & restore conquered territory

7. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention • Defiant New England remained a problem • Proposed secession • Cartoon (p 238) • Hartford Convention: MA, CT, RI, NH, & VT met in secrecy • Discussed grievances & sought redress for their wrongs • Wanted to ensure success of N.E. • Demanded… • financial assistance from Washington (compensation for lost trade) • 2/3 vote in Congress before embargo imposed, new states admitted, or war declared • Abolish 3/5 clause • President = 1 term; Prohibit election of 2 consecutive presidents from same state • Worried subservient to agrarian South & West • Sent 3 envoys to Washington, D.C. • News of American victory at New Orleans caused them to sink away in disgrace • Death of Federalist party

8. The Second War for American Independence • War of 1812 small • 6,000 Americans killed or wounded • Madison tried to invade Canada with 5,000 men while Napoleon invaded Russia with 500,000 men! • Our war globally unimportant • America did earn new respect • Our emissaries treated better • War heroes emerged (AJ & WHH…future Presidents) • Indians gave up land North of Ohio River • Manufacturing prospered • Canadian patriotism & nationalism increased • Felt betrayed by Treaty of Ghent, upset : no Indian buffer state or mastery of Great Lakes • 1817: Rush-Bagot agreement (U.S. & Britain) • Limited naval armament on lakes • Eventually, U.S. and Canada shared border

9. Nascent Nationalism • #1 result of war: increase in nationalism • Birth of distinctive national literature • Washington Irving, James Fenimoore Cooper • American scenes and themes • School textbooks written by Americans for Americans • Magazines: North American Review • Painters used American landscapes • Revived BUS (1816) • Reconstruction of Capitol • Army expanded • Naval success (defeated Barbary pirates)

10. “The American System” • Manufacturing = source of pride • Britain tried to hurt us by dropping prices below cost • Congress passed Tariff of 1816 (1st protective tariff) • American System: Henry Clay (1824) • Plan for development of profitable home market • Three main parts: • Strong banking system • Provide easy & abundant credit • Protective tariff • Revenues generated to help fund transportation • Network of roads & canals • Pluses: easy transportation of raw materials & goods; would open up west • Minuses: federal funding difficult • Individual states started own projects: NY Erie Canal (1825)

11. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings • James Monroe President (1816) • Least distinguished of 1st 8 Presidents • Experienced, level-headed • Goodwill tour (1817): extremely positive response • Boston paper: “Era of Good Feelings” had been ushered in • Era of Good Feelings a misnomer • Troubled times • Tariff, bank, internal improvements, sale of contested lands, slavery

12. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times • Economic panic • Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, debtors’ prisons • Factors contributing to panic • Overspeculation in frontier lands • West hit hardest • Banks foreclosed mortgages & farms • Poorer classes really struggled • Should Americans be imprisoned for debt?

13. Growing Pains of the West • 9 frontier states joined Union b/w 1791 & 1819 • Reasons for westward migration • European immigrants: cheap land • Land exhaustion in east • Easy to buy land (land speculators accepted small down payments) • Economic distress from embargo years • No Indian threat • Improved highways & land routes (Cumberland Road) • Steamboat travel (upstream navigation) • West still weak in population and influence • Land Act of 1820 provided cheap acreage • Americans demanded cheap transportation & cheap money

14. Slavery and the Sectional Balance • Sectional tension b/w North & South over control of West • Missouri applied for admission to Union as slave state • Tallmadge Amendment: no more slaves could be brought to MO; gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents • Stalled statehood process • South furious- want slavery extended • Beginnings of anti-slavery mov’t in North

15. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise • Henry Clay, leader • 3 Compromises (map p 246) • MO: slave state • Maine created as a free state • No slaves north of 36°30’ • MO Compromise lasted 34 years • Monroe surprisingly re-elected • Lack of strong opposing candidate

16. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism • Marshall still Chief Justice of Supreme Court • Decisions increased power of federal gov’t at expense of states • McCulloch v. Maryland • MD tried to destroy branch of BUS by taxing it • Marshall: bank constitutional; MD could not tax bank • Cohens v. Virginia • Cohen found guilty for illegally selling lottery tickets in VA • Appealed to Supreme Court…conviction upheld • Importance: states can have decisions reviewed by Supreme Court • Gibbons v. Ogden • NY tried to grant monopoly on waterborne commerce b/w NY & NJ to private company • Marshall: Congress has control of interstate commerce

17. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) • GA legislature: 35 million acres to private speculators • Next legislature cancelled transaction (bribery) • Ruling: Marshall let the state give the acres to private speculators • it was a contract; protected property rights • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) • Dartmouth College given charter by King George III • New Hampshire wanted to take it away • Ruling: in favor of original charter (it was a contract) • Safeguarded business enterprise from domination by states’ gov’t • Marshall shaped the Constitution along conservative, centralizing lines

18. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida • JQA: Monroe’s Secretary of State • Monroe administration: Treaty of 1818 with Britain • US to share Newfoundland fisheries with Canada • Set Louisiana’s northern border • 10 year joint occupation of Oregon Country with Britain • Florida under Spanish rule • Spain preoccupied w/ revolution in South America • Troops diverted • Andrew Jackson invaded • Supposed to suppress Seminoles • Ended up hanging 2 Indian Chiefs, executed 2 British for assisting Indians, seized Spanish forts

19. The Menace of Monarchy in America • After Napoleon, rethroned autocrats of Europe banded together • Wanted to stamp out democratic tendencies • Americans alarmed • Russians pushed south from Alaska • Worried European nations were going to take over Latin American countries & threaten the Western Hemisphere • U.S.-British alliance???

20. Monroe and his Doctrine • JQA & U.S. questioned alliance with Britain • We didn’t need it • British trying to protect their own interests in Caribbean • Monroe Doctrine…DON’T MESS WITH THE U.S.!!! • Noncolonization & nonintervention • Russia: no more colonization in Northwest • No European monarchs in our hemisphere • Promised we would not intervene in Greek War

21. Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised • Monarchs of Europe angered by Monroe Doctrine • Big words for a nation with weak military • Only a few educated Latin Americans knew of Doctrine • Understood it was the British navy that would protect them; not Monroe’s “announcement” • Not much contemporary significance • Before Monroe Doctrine, Russia retreated • More of a Self-Defense Doctrine: Monroe concerned with security of our own country, not Latin America • Never a law • Just a statement of President Monroe’s policy