TAKS Review for US History Part I Mrs. Blake

1. TAKS Review for US HistoryPart IMrs. Blake

2. Jamestown1607 • Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America. • The settlers came to America to search of treasure, seek the Northwest Passage, spread Christianity to the Indians. • They named the river and the settlement after King James I of England.

3. Early Forms of Government: The Foundation of Our Constitution • The Virginia House of Burgesses was established at Jamestown. It was an assembly of elected representatives from the Virginia colony created in 1619. It was the 1st form of representative government in the colonies. • The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was the first written constitution in the American Colonies. It was prepared by the Puritans who left Massachusetts and established Connecticut.

4. “No taxation without representation”. • The Quartering acts, Stamp act, and Tea act , Boston Massacre are very significant reasons why the British and the Americans had disgust toward each other and why they went to war. • The colonists even sent anOlive Branch Petitionto the king declaring their commitment to him and he laughed and tore it up! Time to declare independence!

5. American Independence was at stake... The American Revolution 1776-1783 *American colonist who were upset over taxation withoutrepresentation declared their Independence from Britain on July 4th 1776. *The first battles of the Revolutionary War were fought at Lexington and Concord, but the turning point came with help from the French at the Battle of Saratoga. *The new country would initially adopt the Articles of Confederation which established a weak central government

6. Our Constitution • Part I: Preamble “We The People” • Part II: Articles (3)LEJ= Legislative= Lawmakers HOR & Senate • Executive=Execute and Enforces laws=Prez, VP, and cabinet. • Judicial=Judges or interprets the laws (Marbury v Madison=judicial review) • Part III: Amendments 1-27 1st 10= Bill of Rights

7. 7 Principles of Constitution • PopularSovereignty=People rule. • Federalism=state and federal govt., share powers • Checks and Balances= No one branch is more powerful than the other. • Republicanism=People exercise their power by voting for their political representatives. • Separation of Powers= Legislative (lawmakers), executive (enforce), and judicial (judge) • Limited Government= All citizens and the government must obey the laws of our country. • Individual Rights= Personal liberties and privileges.

8. American Economics • A protective tariff is a tax on an imported product instituted to protect local industries by increasing the price of the import which makes it less appealing to consumers • A free enterprise system is an economic system in which individuals depend on supply and demand and the profit margin. • Inventions and discoveries such as the steam engine and interchangeable parts were part of an industrial revolution that took place in 19th century America.

9. Views on Expansion • James K. Polk was in favor of massive U.S. expansion. He called the United States expansion to the West its “Manifest Destiny”. • In 1803 Napoleon of France agreed to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for $15 million and to give up on North America. This deal doubled the size of the U.S • In 1815, President James Monroe issued the “Monroe Doctrine”. ”(to the Roosevelt Corollary no European country should intervene in countries south of the US). This Monroe Doctrine banned all future European colonization and influence of The Americas.

10. The Civil War • From 1861 to 1865 the North and South of America fought a Civil War over the issues of Slavery, States’ rights and southern individuality • In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in the Southern states of the USA. • General Ulysses S. Grant lead the North to victory over Robert E. Lee and the South, 620,000 soldiers were killed. • Southern economy was shattered and tens of thousands of soldiers were unemployed.

11. Reconstruction 1865-1877 • After Lincoln’s assassination, vice President Andrew Johnson took over and was more sympathetic to the south than Lincoln. • Johnson allowed pardons to rebel soldiers and readmitted all formers states, only asking they abolish slavery and pay war debts. Radical Republicans wanted to see the “enemy punished for returning to the US. Championed civil rights. • Black codes were laws designed to keep former slaves from having true freedom (Sharecropping). • The 13thoutlawed slavery, 14thcitizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law, 15th gave black men the right to vote. • Freedmen’s Bureau-aide to slaves • Reconstruction ended when Hayes won the presidency in exchange for southern troops to be pulled out of the South.

12. Second Industrial Revolution • From 1865 to 1905 America entered a second industrial revolution which would expand our markets nation wide, and globally, grow cities, and communication. • Increased steel, rubber, and oil, supply spurred the building of more railroads and multistory buildings, and automobiles • In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, and Henry Ford developed the assembly line which sped up production and lowered skill level. • American government practiced a laissez-faire economic policy, meaning that government does little to interfere with the economy. Carnegie, Vanderbilt, and Rockefeller.

13. American Immigrants • Immigrants came to the US to escape poverty or persecution and many hoped to make enough money to return home and buy land • Millions of immigrants were processed through Ellis Island in NY or Angel Island in San Francisco • In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which denied citizenship to Chinese and stopped immigration of Chinese laborers • In the late 1800’s settlement houses offered immigrants education and job training

14. Corruption of the Gilded Age 1890-1910 • The late 1800’s soon became known as the Gilded Age, symbolizing that the politics of the time were like the base material that hides under a gold plated surface; corruption and scandal. • Boss William Tweed was widely criticized in New York for taking kickbacks from companies in return for government contracts. • The system of giving government contracts in return for money or favors became known as the spoils system, Presidents Hayes and Cleveland worked to end the spoils system. • Trust were developed into monopolies shutting down small businesses or forcing them to sell to their competitors.

15. Spanish American War 1898 • For hundreds of years Spain had controlled the island of Cuba and in 1895 Spanish soldiers put down the revolt and forced some 200,000 Cubans to starve in concentration camps. • US was immediately drawn into work with the explosion of the USS Maine in Havana, Cuba. • Many Americans compared the struggle to the colonist Revolution against the British, and after the US Battleship was destroyed in Cuba the United States declared war on Spain in 1898. • American Rough Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt at the Battle atSan Juan Hill and Naval ships (Alfred T Mahan) would defeat the Spanish forces. • As a result of the war US would gain control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and would rise as a new world power.

16. Spanish American War • Actively promoting war fever in the US were sensationalistic city newspapers with their bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal. “Yellowjournalism,” as this type of newspaper reporting was called, went to new extremes.