Migration:

1. Migration: Why do people Migrate?

2. Vocab • Cyclic Movement: movement that has a closed route and is repeated seasonally or annually • Nomadism: movement along a definite set of places • Activity Space: with in which daily activity occurs • Transhumance: a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures • Periodic Movement: movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation, ex. Military, college students • Place Utility: the usefulness of a place • Space-Time Prism: A diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined

3. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration (1889) • Most migrants move only a short distance. • There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force [pull factors] is spent. • There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption. • Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow. • Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry. Additional Laws • Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas. • Females are more migratory than males. • Economic factors are the main cause of migration.

4. Ravensteins Laws -restated • Most migrants go only a short distance. • Longer-distance migration favors big city destinations. • Most migration proceeds step-by-step. • Most migration is rural to urban. • Each migration flow produces a counterflow. • Most migrants are adults. • Most international migrants are male. (Fellman 87)

5. Zelinsky’s Theory of Migration • Phase one • (“Premodern traditional society”): • This is before the onset of the urbanization, and there is very little migration. • Natural increase rates are about zero. • Phase two • (“Early transitional society”): • There is “massive movement from countryside to cities... as a community experiences the process of modernization”. • There is “rapid rate of natural increase”. • Phase three • (“Late transitional society”): • This phase corresponds to the “critical rung...of the mobility transition” where urban-to-urban migration surpasses the rural to- urban migration, where rural-to-urban migration “continues

6. Zelinsky’s Migration Theory (con’t) • Phase four • (“Advanced society”): • The “movement from countryside to city continues but is further reduced in absolute and relative terms, vigorous movement of migrants from city to city and within individual urban agglomerations...especially within a highly elaborated lattice of major and minor metropolises” is observed. • There is “slight to moderate rate of natural increase or none at all”. • Phase five • (“Future superadvanced society”): • “Nearly all residential migration may be of the interurban and intraurban variety….No plausible predictions of fertility behavior,... • a stable mortality pattern slightly below present levels”.

7. Everett Lee’s Push/Pull Theory (1960’s) Push/Pull Factors

8. Gravity Model • Distance Decay – interaction between two places decreases as the distance increases. • Gravity Model – predicts the interaction between two bodies as a function of their size and distance Pa Pb Dab2 I =

9. Migration to California Figure 4.6 (p. 95)

10. Intervening Opportunity Model • aka Intervening Obstacles (can also be natural barriers)

11. Lee’s Push/Pull Model