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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. A New National Identity (1812-1840). Section 1 The Rise of Nationalism. The Era of Good Feelings. Period of time following the War of 1812, The Era of Good Feelings. James Monroe (Republican) elected in 1816 Won re-election in 1820 (ran unopposed)

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 1 The Rise of Nationalism

  2. The Era of Good Feelings • Period of time following the War of 1812, The Era of Good Feelings. • James Monroe (Republican) elected in 1816 • Won re-election in 1820 (ran unopposed) • Monroe’s Secretary of State was John Quincy Adams • During his presidency, the US resolved several conflicts with foreign powers.

  3. Rush-Bagot Agreement • Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812. • U.S. and British Canada disagreed over control of the waterways along their borders • b/c both wanted to maintain navies and fishing rights on the Great Lakes • Spring of 1817-Rush-Bagot Agreement – limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both countries • Convention of 1818-gave US fishing rights off parts of the Newfoundland and Labrador coasts. Jointly occupy part of the Pacific Northwest.

  4. The Issue of Florida • Dispute involving U.S. border w/ Spanish FL arose. Issues with Seminoles and runaway slaves. • Sec. of State J.Q. Adams spoke to Spanish about allowing Amer. settlers into FL • Meanwhile, Pres. Monroe sent Gen. Andrew Jackson to secure the border

  5. The Issue of Florida (continued) • First Seminole War • Motive-began when Jackson’s troops invaded FL w/out Pres. Monroe’s authorization. • Jackson fought Seminole & the Spanish. Over threw the governor and took important military post. Jackson’s presence convinced Spain to sign treaty • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) ended the war • Spain gave FL to U.S. • U.S. gave up claims to present day TX & gave Spain $ 5 million.

  6. The Monroe Doctrine • At the time of the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain had other problems. By 1820’s most Latin American countries had declared independence from Spain. • Revolutionary fighter, Simon Bolivar, hailed as “The Liberator,” led many of these struggles. • Latin America rebelling against Spain. • U.S. sympathized b/c the rebellions reminded U.S. of the Amer. Revolution. • Monroe worried European nations might try to take control of the newly independent Latin American countries. • Monroe Doctrine Issued, December 1823. • Basically told European powers to stay out of the Western hemisphere. • It protected Latin Amer. govts. from European powers. • Also, that U.S. would view any interference by Europe as a hostile act. • Played a major role in shaping U.S.- Latin American relations.

  7. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 2 Expansion and Improvements

  8. The Missouri Compromise • Major regional conflict over Missouri’s application for admission into the Union (1819) • Pro-slavery leaders in Missouri wanted to join the nation as a slave state • U.S. already had 11 free states & 11 slave states • Due to the North’s population, they controlled the House of Representatives. Slave states in 1819 had equal power in the Senate & less power in the House. • Northern reps in the House passed legislative amendment accepting Missouri as a slave state with restrictions • Importing slaves into Missouri = illegal • Children of Missouri slaves set free • Proposed limits on slavery angered southern politicians

  9. The Missouri Compromise (1820) • Henry Clay, helped Congress reach the MO Compromise – 3 main conditions: • MO would enter as a slave state • Maine would join as a free state • Slavery would be prohibited in any new territories or states formed north of 36°30’ latitude –MO’s new southern border

  10. The Missouri Compromise (continued) • Congress passed the Missouri Compromise in 1820 • Maine = state, March 15, 1820 • Missouri = state, August 10, 1820 • Clay earned nickname “Great Pacificator” (peacemaker)

  11. Internal Improvements • Henry Clay believed strong national economy would prevent regional conflicts • wanted protective tariff • Use tariff money to improve roads and canals • Clay’s plan – American System (raise protective tariffs, use money for improvements) • Henry Clay believed internal improvements would make trade easier and connect regions of the country • Received little support to expand funding of roads, canals, & education. • Some Congressmen against internal improvements b/c didn’t believe Constitution allowed the fed. govt. to spend money on internal improvements

  12. New Roads and Canals • Cumberland Road – 1st road built by the fed. govt. • National Road - Extended Cumberland Road to OH by 1833, & to IL by 1850 • Water transportation was quicker, easier and cheaper than overland • Many areas of country did not have rivers to connect them to other towns • Lack of rivers caused canal building to increase dramatically in the Northeast

  13. New Roads and Canals (continued) • Largest Canal project: Erie Canal – ran from Albany to Buffalo NY. • Paid for by taxpayers of New York • Great for trade. • Allowed goods and people to move between Lake Erie and New York City. • Started a canal-building boom across the country.

  14. The Election of 1824 • J. Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson, running for president as Republicans. • Election of 1824 showed many regional differences • Neither won majority vote so House had to chose. • Speaker of the House, Henry Clay influenced the vote by backing Adams. • Adam’s won • Jackson’s supporters claimed Adams had made a “corrupt bargain” w/ Clay; accusations increased after Adams chose Clay to be his sec. of state • Controversy weakened Pres. Adams’s congressional and public support • Had little support when asking for federal money for canals, education, roads, and scientific research

  15. Life under James Monroe and John Quincy Adams: The Monroe Doctrine and the Missouri Compromise

  16. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 3 The Age of Jackson

  17. The Story Continues • Many citizens viewed Adams as part of an old, upper-class culture. • Basically, wealthy people out of touch with the country’s needs. • Rallies showed that people wanted a more lively leader. • Wild gatherings held by Jackson’s supporters amazed politicians.

  18. Jacksonian Democracy • Expanding Democracy under Andrew Jackson • More white men gained voting rights b/c many states no longer said you had to own land to vote. • Began in the west, expanded east. • Political parties started having public nominating conventions to select pres. & V.P. candidates. • Expanded voting rights and conventions = more people involved in politics

  19. Election of 1828, New Parties. • Many believed that a “corrupt bargain” between Henry Clay and J.Q. Adams stole the 1824 election from Jackson. • J. Q. Adams vs. Jackson (VP John Calhoun) • Jackson’s supporters formed Democratic Party • mostly farmers, frontier settlers, and southern slaveholders • Adams supporters formed The National Republican Party.

  20. Election of 1828 • 1828 campaign focused on candidates’ personalities-Jackson: a war hero. • Poor and rose to success with hard work. Contrast to Adams • Adams: out of touch with society • Jackson: hot tempered, crude and ill equipped to be President. • Jackson won with record number of popular votes. • Supporters felt it was a victory for the common people

  21. Jackson’s Presidency • Jackson rewarded supporters with government jobs AKA: the spoils system • Only replaced less than 1/5 of federal officeholders. • Sec. of State: Martin Van Buren • Kitchen cabinet-trusted advisers to Jackson. Sometimes met in White House Kitchen.

  22. Conflict over Tariffs • North: supported. Tariffs would protect industries by making it cheaper to buy American. • South: against tariffs b/c region had little industry & relied heavily on foreign goods. • 1828 Tariff passed. North pressured Congress to pass this high tariff. • South called it the Tariff of Abominations because many thought the federal government was trying to take state powers.

  23. The Nullification Crisis • V.P. John C. Calhoun supports states rights. • Daniel Webster of Mass. Disagreed with nullification- “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!” • 1832 Tariff again raised tariffs. • SC refused to abide by it. • They supported states rights. Supporters believed the power of fed. govt. limited by the Constitution. • Calhoun agreed that states could nullify any fed. law they thought unconstitutional.

  24. The Nullification Crisis (continued) • Calhoun resigned as vice president in support of his home state • Jackson strongly against nullification • 2 sides reached a compromise – Congress agreed to lower tariffs little by little over several years, SC leaders agreed to enforce the tariff law (still believed nullification was legal)

  25. McCulloch v. Maryland (MD) • Several states, like MD, passed laws taxing branches of the national bank • Bank cashier John McCulloch refused to pay this tax. State took him to court. • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled • Elastic clause of the constitution allowed Congress to est. the bank • Fed. law superior to state law – which challenged states’ rights • Ruling meant that MD could not tax the bank

  26. The Second Bank of the United States • Nicholas Biddle (director of the Bank) – pushed for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter in 1832 (instead of 1836 when it expired) • Jackson vetoed legislation to renew the 2nd Bank of the U.S.’s charter b/c he believed it too powerful.

  27. The 2nd B.U.S. (continued) • Jackson weakened Bank’s power by moving most of its funds to state banks (called pet banks by his opponents) • The state banks’ practice of giving credit to buy land resulted in westward expansion & inflation • Jackson tried to slow inflation • Ordered Americans to use only gold or silver, instead of bank notes to buy government owned land • Did not help national economy

  28. Election of 1836 • Jackson still very popular with voters in 1836. • Whig Party – formed by Jackson’s opponents in 1834 • Supported the idea of a weak president and a strong legislature • Nominated 4 people to run against Van Buren, Jackson’s 2nd VP. • W/ Jackson’s support, Van Buren won the election

  29. Panic of 1837 • Panic of 1837 Occurred shortly after Van Buren took office • led to economic depression • Caused by policies of state banks & Jackson’s plan to curb inflation • However, Van Buren took the blame for it.

  30. Election of 1840 • 1840 election – Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig) • Harrison – general from Battle of Tippecanoe • Whigs’ emphasis on war record and log-cabin roots made Harrison seem similar to Jackson • Harrison won electoral college in a landslide (234 to 60)

  31. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 4 Indian Removal

  32. The Black Hawk War • Years of conflicts lead to removal. • War started b/c Fed. govt. ordered removal of Indians in IL. Motivated Sauk to fight with the US government. • Black Hawk (Sauk leader) & followers ignored the removal policy – rejected idea of land ownership • Sauk returned from winter hunt, 1830, they found white settlers on their land. Flew white flag. US forces fired anyways. • NA groups began raiding American settlements and attacking U.S. troops • The Sauk fought until they ran out of supplies • August 1832 – Black Hawk surrendered, gave up leadership of the Sauk • By 1850, U.S. army had removed American Indians living within the old Northwest Territory

  33. The Indian Removal Act • Passed so land in Southeast could be farmed. • Removed Indians who lived east of the MS river. • Indian Removal Act passed in 1830 by Congress. • Indian Territory –present day OK • Bureau of Indian Affairs was created by Congress to oversee fed. policy toward Indians • The Choctaw of MS & west AL were the 1st to be removed to Indian Territory (1830) • Were not provided enough food or supplies. ¼ of Choctaw died. Treatment caused others to resist removal. • Creeks in Alabama stayed. 1836-federal troops led some 14,500 captured Creek to Indian Territory. • Chickasaw were primarily in MS before they were moved 1837 – 1838. Promised better supplies.

  34. The Cherokee Nation • Cherokee adopted white culture and formed govt. like the U.S. • Thought this would prevent conflicts w/ whites. • Missionaries allowed to find school where Cherokee children learned English. • Sequoya developed writing system for Cherokee language. • Began publishing a newspaper, Cherokee Phoenix. • Created a government based on the US Constitution.

  35. The Trail of Tears • After gold was found on Cherokee land the GA militia attacked. • Tribe sued GA claiming GA had no authority over them • Court agreed w/ tribe in Worcester v. Georgia • Only the federal government, not the states, had authority over the Cherokee • GA ignored Court’s ruling, Pres. Jackson took no action • Trail of tears Winter 1838-1839, 800 mile forced march. ¼ of Cherokee died.

  36. Trail of Tears

  37. The 2nd Seminole War • Fought removal with armed resistance. • Seminole leaders made to sign treaty saying they will leave FL w/in 3 yrs (1832) • Any Seminole of African descent would be considered a runaway slave. • Seminole ignored the treaty and refused to leave • Seminole Osceola organized an armed resistance to the forced removal of the Seminole from Florida • After spending millions of dollars, U.S. officials decided to give up the fight

  38. Chapter 12A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 5 American Culture

  39. American Tales • Many developments in American life led to the success of William Wirt’s biography of Patrick Henry. • Much of the public was interested in the Revolutionary era. • Wirt represented a growing number of writers who wrote about the heroes of the Revolution. • These writers inspired pride in the United States. • Unlike Wirt, most writers used fictional characters to represent American ideals.

  40. Washington Irving, American writer who gained respect in Europe • Named after George Washington. • Most writing often dealt with American history. • Wrote humorous stories using satire. • Through satire, he warned that Americans should learn from the past and be cautious of the future. • Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow • One of the first American writers to gain respect in Europe. • Washington Irving

  41. James Fenimore Cooper popularized Amer. historical fiction • Irving combined European influences with American settings and characters. Inspired Cooper. • Born to a wealthy New Jersey family in 1789. • Topics about the frontier, west and NA’s became the focus of his best-known works. • The Pioneers 5 books featured Natty Bumppo. He found truth in nature. • The Last of the Mohicans takes place during the F&I War. Popularized historical fiction. • The Pioneers (1823); The Last of the Mohicans

  42. Catharine Maria Sedgwick was the most successful female author of her time • Created interesting heroines. • 1827 Novel Hope Leslie was a historical novel set in Mass. In 1600’s. • Researched the culture of Mohawks who lived in that area. • Many did not like she included unpleasant parts of Pilgrims’ lives, such as superstition and intolerance. • unmarried woman who challenged commonly held ideas about women, Married or Single?

  43. Cover in 1905

  44. Hudson River school (not an actual school) • Leader = Thomas Cole, moved to the US in 1819. Recognized the unique qualities of the American landscape. • group of artists who painted landscapes; • Hudson River valley = subject of many of their paintings

  45. Thomas Cole, Return

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