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L-14 Part III Pre-reform Russia (5) 7. Culture

L-14 Part III Pre-reform Russia (5) 7. Culture. A. Themes. Expansion of education, esp. secondary and tertiary Religious dissent: intensifies, diversifies Growth of Russian national consciousness Emergence of proto-intelligentsia Golden age of Russian literature. B. Education.

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L-14 Part III Pre-reform Russia (5) 7. Culture

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  1. L-14Part III Pre-reform Russia (5)7. Culture

  2. A. Themes • Expansion of education, esp. secondary and tertiary • Religious dissent: intensifies, diversifies • Growth of Russian national consciousness • Emergence of proto-intelligentsia • Golden age of Russian literature

  3. B. Education • Educational Reform of 1804 a. Structure b. Problems 2. Nikolaevan Retrenchment a. Education as social policy b. Nikolaevan policy • Growth and Impact • Science and Scholarship

  4. Primary and Secondary School Enrollments

  5. Literacy Rates (percent)

  6. Russia: Gymnasium and University Enrollments

  7. Social Composition of University (1848-49)

  8. Moscow University: 1804 Charter

  9. C. Religion: Orthodoxy and Dissent • Official Church and Popular Orthodoxy • Dissent: Old Believers and Sectarians

  10. Old Believer Center: Rogozhskoe Cemetery Complex (Moscow)

  11. D. Russian National Consciousness

  12. Admiral Aleksandr S. Shishkov (1754-1841)

  13. A. N. Karamzin(1766-1826)

  14. E. Decembrism • Historiography • Movement: overview • Decembrists: profile • “Decembrism”: liberal nationalism • Significance: mutual alienation

  15. Decembrist Movement: Overview • SPB Union of Salvation 1818 Union of Welfare 1821 Northern Society 1821 Southern Society 1825 Society of United Slavs 1825 Uprising: 14 December SPB 29 December Chernigov Regiment

  16. Decembrist Uprising on Senate Square (December 1825)

  17. Pavel Pestel: Pravda Russkaia (Russian Truth)

  18. Sergei Murav’ev-Apostol

  19. Decembrists in Chains

  20. 5 Decembrist Martyrs:Pestel, Ryleev, Bestuzhev, Murav’ev, Kakhovskii

  21. Decembrist Execution Site: Petropavslovskii Fortress

  22. F. Proto-intelligentsia • Terminology: Radicals and obshchestvo (“educated society”) • Social Profile • “Circles” (kruzhki) of the 1830s • Westerner-Slavophile debate • Radical socialist currents • Herzen: Russian peasant socialism • Bakunin: Anarchism • Petrashevtsy: Utopian socialism, mass engagement • Russian Liberalism

  23. Radical Dissenters: Social Origins

  24. Radical Dissenters: Social Position

  25. P. Ia. Chaadaev (1794-1856) 1836 “Philosophical Letter” 1837 “Apology of a Madman”

  26. Vissarion G. Belinskii (1811-1848)

  27. Konstantin Dm. Kavelin (1818-85): Westerner, Historian

  28. Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov (1759-1859)

  29. Konstantin S. Aksakov (1817-60)

  30. Ivan S. Aksakov (1823-86)

  31. Boris Chicherin 1828-1904: Liberal Ideologist

  32. Alexander Herzen (1812-70):Russian peasant socialism

  33. Alexander Herzen & Family Estate near Moscow

  34. Mikhail Bakunin, 1814-76:Anarchism

  35. Mikhail V. Petrashevskii (1821-66): Utopian socialism

  36. 6. Literature and Creative Arts • Why a golden age? • Literary giants: Griboedov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol’ • Art: Ivanov and Venetsianov • Music: Glinka and Russian national opera

  37. Aleksandr Griboedov (1795-1829): “Woe of Wit” (1822-4)

  38. A.S. Pushkin, 1799-1837

  39. Hannibal and Granddaughter, Nadezhda O. Pushkina (and Pushkin’s mother)

  40. Mikhail Iu. Lermontov (1814-41)

  41. Nikolai V. Gogol (1809-52)

  42. Aleksandr Ivanov (1806-58)

  43. Ivanov: “Appearance of Christ before the People” (1837-57)

  44. Aleksei G. Venetsianov 1780-1847

  45. Venetsianov: “Fortune-telling with cards” (1830s)

  46. Venetsianov: “In the Fields in Spring”

  47. Venetsianov, “Peasant Children” (1820s)

  48. Venetsianov, “The Reapers” (1820s)

  49. Mikhail Iv. Glinka 1804-57

  50. 6. Conclusions • Elite identity • Impact of Western ideology • Revolutionary inaction • Cultural pluralism • Elite/narod gap

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