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L-14 Part III Pre-reform Russia (5) 7. Culture. A. Themes. Expansion of education, esp. secondary and tertiary Religious dissent: intensifies, diversifies Growth of Russian national consciousness Emergence of proto-intelligentsia Golden age of Russian literature. B. Education.
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A. Themes • Expansion of education, esp. secondary and tertiary • Religious dissent: intensifies, diversifies • Growth of Russian national consciousness • Emergence of proto-intelligentsia • Golden age of Russian literature
B. Education • Educational Reform of 1804 a. Structure b. Problems 2. Nikolaevan Retrenchment a. Education as social policy b. Nikolaevan policy • Growth and Impact • Science and Scholarship
C. Religion: Orthodoxy and Dissent • Official Church and Popular Orthodoxy • Dissent: Old Believers and Sectarians
E. Decembrism • Historiography • Movement: overview • Decembrists: profile • “Decembrism”: liberal nationalism • Significance: mutual alienation
Decembrist Movement: Overview • SPB Union of Salvation 1818 Union of Welfare 1821 Northern Society 1821 Southern Society 1825 Society of United Slavs 1825 Uprising: 14 December SPB 29 December Chernigov Regiment
5 Decembrist Martyrs:Pestel, Ryleev, Bestuzhev, Murav’ev, Kakhovskii
F. Proto-intelligentsia • Terminology: Radicals and obshchestvo (“educated society”) • Social Profile • “Circles” (kruzhki) of the 1830s • Westerner-Slavophile debate • Radical socialist currents • Herzen: Russian peasant socialism • Bakunin: Anarchism • Petrashevtsy: Utopian socialism, mass engagement • Russian Liberalism
P. Ia. Chaadaev (1794-1856) 1836 “Philosophical Letter” 1837 “Apology of a Madman”
6. Literature and Creative Arts • Why a golden age? • Literary giants: Griboedov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol’ • Art: Ivanov and Venetsianov • Music: Glinka and Russian national opera
Hannibal and Granddaughter, Nadezhda O. Pushkina (and Pushkin’s mother)
6. Conclusions • Elite identity • Impact of Western ideology • Revolutionary inaction • Cultural pluralism • Elite/narod gap