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SESAME and Nuclear Energy in the Middle East Dr. Khaled Toukan

SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) promotes regional collaboration in nuclear science, technology, and applications. It offers world-class research facilities, addresses biomedical and environmental issues, and trains graduate students. The project aims to reverse brain drain and promote international collaborations, high-tech industry development, peace, and understanding.

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SESAME and Nuclear Energy in the Middle East Dr. Khaled Toukan

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  1. SESAME and Nuclear Energy in the Middle East Dr. Khaled Toukan

  2. S&T Collaboration • Nuclear science, technology and applications provide many areas of regional collaboration • Common facilities for HRD and R&D • Regional fuel cycle facilities • SESAME offers a model

  3. From Concept to First Beam

  4. With Prince Ghazi

  5. SESAME: Lofty Goals • Offer facilities for world-class interdisciplinary research • Promote basic and applied research and technology in the Middle East • Address Middle East biomedical and environmental issues and concerns • Train graduate students who will no longer have to go abroad • Reverse the brain drain by offering scientists working abroad research facilities • Promote international collaborations • Promote the development of high-tech industry • Promote peace and understanding between people from different traditions, religions, races, and political systems

  6. Nobel Laureates Visit 2008

  7. Managing Unconventional Project • Securing high-level commitment • Letter of HM King Abdullah II “it is my pleasure to inform you that I have agreed to host such a centre in Jordan on negotiation basis” • UNESCO – Involvement of DG and supportof the Executive Council • Membership • Financial strategy (host country, members, observers, external )

  8. With HM & Prince Ghazi With Arafat in Ramallah

  9. Schopper with HM

  10. UNESCO Einstein Medal

  11. Creative Financing Seek funds for the different parts of the project from different sources: • Land, building and technical infrastructure from the host country • Parts of the machine from donations • Funds for the upgrading of the main ring from outside sources • Beamlines to be provided by various countries • Operation (mainly salaries of staff) by Members • Training to be financed by observers and other organisations

  12. Host Country Contribution In-Kind • Site: 80 donums (80,000 m2) land donated free- of-charge • The main building, which was borne entirely by the Jordanian Authorities, amounted to about 6 Million euros • Independent electrical power line Cash • 3.2 Million euros from Jordan-EU bilateral programme • 2.4 Million euros from Royal Court • 1 Million euros from MHESR for LAN Network

  13. SESAME Building Plan • Ground breaking Ceremony in January 2003 in the presence of H.M. Abdullah II and the Director General of UNESCO, K. Matsuura • The building was ready for occupation in January 2008

  14. Allan Site

  15. Matsuura, HM , Schopper & Burkhart 2003

  16. Unveiling Marble Ceremony 2003

  17. Ground Breaking Ceremony Group

  18. SESAME Building SESAME Building Experimental Hall

  19. The SESAME Council • MEMBERS: • BAHRAIN • CYPRUS • EGYPT • ISRAEL • JORDAN • PAKISTAN • PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY • TURKEY • IRAN • OBSERVERS: • FRANCE • GERMANY • GREECE • ITALY • KUWAIT • PORTUGAL • RUSSIAN FEDERATION • SWEDEN • UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND • UNITES STATES OF AMERICA • JAPAN

  20. SESAME Synchrotron-lightfor Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East _______________________________________________________________________________ D9 I9 D8 I8 I10 D7 D10 I7 Main Ring Parameters: Energy = 2.5 GeV Circumference=133.12 m Emitt. = 26.0 nm.rad 16 Straights sections {8 x 4.44 m + 8 x 2.38 m} Up to 28 Beamlines: 12 Insertion Devices 16 Dipole ports with D = 12 mrad I11 D11 D6 I6 I12 D12 D5 I13 I5 D13 I14 D4 D14 D16 I4 D1 D3 I15 D15 D2

  21. SESAME: Governance Independent Intergovernmental Organization (UNESCO is the depository of the Statutes) SESAME Council: President :Prof. Herwig Schopper (2004-2008) : Chris Llewellyn-Smith 2009 Secretary :Dr. Maciej Nalecz, UNESCO

  22. SESAME Director Dr. Khaled Toukan Administrative Director Dr. M. Y. Khalil Technical Director Dr. Amor Nadji Scientific Director Dr. Hafeez Hoorani

  23. Advisory Committees Scientific: Dr. Zehra Sayers (Sabancy University – Turkey) Beam Lines: Prof. Zahid Hussein (ALS - USA) Technical: Dr. Albin Wruhlich (PSI - Switzerland) Training: Prof. Javas Rahigi (NRC- Iran)

  24. Between 1997 and 2006, more than 15 workshops took place in countries including Greece, Cyprus, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan etc Meetings focus on applications in biology, materials science, accelerator technology etc Focused workshops provide training for specific needs e.g. accelerator scientists and some those with a broad range of topics aim to establish the community In total well above 500 scientists from the Middle East region and observer countries have come together SESAME Users Community

  25. SESAME Machine WorkshopSept. 9-18, 2000 Al-Balqa’ Applied UniversityAl-Salt - JORDAN

  26. SESAME JSPS Workshop – 1st Users Meeting Amman, Jordan 27.10-5.11 2002

  27. 2nd SESAME Users MeetingIsfahan, Iran 30.11 -1. 12 2003

  28. SESAME Staff Diverse Nationalities: • Egyptian • French • Iranian • Italian • Jordanian • Pakistani • Palestinian 29

  29. SESAME • Capacity building for creating a “Centre of Excellence” open to all nations of the region - Science for Peace • Reverse the brain drain to US and Europe • Provides a returning ground to ME Scientists • Help is provided by many • IAEA, DoE, JSPS, ASICTP, NSRRC, Portugal, Brazil, Canon Foundation 30

  30. Capacity Building • IAEA - SESAME • Training of BL Scientists & Users • Training visits of staff from Machine group • Expert visits to SESAME • Support for workshops, conferences, user meetings • Project INT 1-055 started in 2007 end in 2011 • Total IAEA contribution USD 1.2 million 31

  31. Scientific Programme The main domains of research will be : • Physics (mainly condensed matter) • Material science • Molecular biology • Nanotechnology • Archaeology • Environmental studies • Medical research

  32. Cultivating Users’ Community The last users’ meetings were attended by more than 200 participants. At present their interests are divided among the different fields in the following way: • Material science                                   31 % • Surface and interface research            17 % • Atomic, molecular science, optics       16 % • Structural biology                               10 % • Environment                                       10 % • Medical research                                 6 % • Microscopy                                         4 % • Polymers                                             4 % • Lithography                                        2 %

  33. SESAME PHASE - I BEAMLINES

  34. DONATED PHASE - I BEAMLINES 35

  35. MICROTRON OPERATION • Preparation for the Commissioning with Beam at 5.4 MeV. • Getting the approval of the Jordanian Nuclear Regulatory Commission (JNRC) • for the planned commissioning at 5.4 MeV. • Installation of a temporary • shielding wall with 0.5 m • thickness and 3 m height. •  The position of the shielding wall • took into account protecting the • control room and the Microtron • racks from the direct radiation. 36

  36. Installation Under Vacuum of the Booster RF Cavity in SESAME RF Lab. 37

  37. First SESAME Microtron Beam: July 14th, 2009 (00:35) 38

  38. Countries in the Region are Facing Different Challenges • Growing energy demand • Increasing energy costs • Lack of conventional energy resources • Increasing dependence on fossil resources • Scarcity of water resources • Degradation of environmental conditions due to increasing consumption of fossil resources

  39. Energy Demand for Arab Countries • Demand increased by 3.8%/yr from 1985 to 2005 while the world was at 1.6%/yr • Arab share in 2005 world demand was only 4% • Energy intensity (E/GDP) has declined from 1.55 in the period ,1985-90, to 0.74 in the period, 2000-05 • Per capita energy consumption grew at 1.3%/yr in the period 1985-2005 • Average per capita consumption reached 1.28 toe in 2005 but with much disparity between countries

  40. Aggregation is Misleading • Arab countries are at differing stages of development, with different resource endowments and income levels • On average per capita income in the region is high, but this disguises enormous differences between countries - In Egypt, income is about $4000 per capita but 44% of the population lives on less than $2 a day - While, UAE has an average income of $22,000 per capita • Several non-oil economies rely heavily on aid, capital inflows and remittances from workers in the oil-producing countries • Poverty is widespread in several countries

  41. Per Capita Consumption (toe/yr)

  42. Electricity Consumption • Arab countries consume about 1750 kWh/yr per capita whereas - Europe 6,000 - North America 14,000 - Developed countries 8,000 • Electricity is central to achieving sustainable development goals and HDI is closely correlated with high kWh/capita

  43. Regional Energy Demand Projections • Regional demand is projected to grow at 3.7%/ yr according to OAPEC’s Reference Scenario (2006 to 2020) • Only 44% of the additional regional energy demand over the projection period will be met by oil and 3.2% by hydro and coal • Hence, another source will have to fill the gap amounting to 52.8% of the demand. Assuming BAU, it could be gas but not necessarily true in alternative scenarios

  44. Desalination • Arab countries are the biggest users of desalination technology, with over 50% of the world’s capacity • GCC such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Kuwait use dual-purpose power and desalination plants on a major scale • R& D are needed to develop dual-use plants to produce both water and power at affordable costs

  45. Implications • Looking at the Region as an aggregate, oil and gas will dominate the supply until post-2020 • Non-fossil sources are projected to play minor role in the region’s future in business-as usual assumptions entrenching the singular dependence of the region on hydrocarbon resources • However, it is highly uncertain that such overoptimistic assumptions about the supply of natural gas will be met, especially for non-OAPEC countries • Nuclear will offer an insurance to highly uncertain supplies and escalating costs, and in several countries. A serious alternative to fossil sources

  46. Nuclear Power • NP offers a medium to long term alternative electricity option for the Middle East • Worldwide prospect of NP is improving • The barriers facing the development of the nuclear industry are being addressed favorably : - Public acceptance - Reactor and fuel cycle safety - Disposal of high-level nuclear waste - Proliferation risk - Nuclear security - Economic competitiveness

  47. NP: Benefits for the Economy • Provides economically competitive electricity • Reduces pollution and greenhouse gas emissions • Displaces use of oil • Creates demand for new services and products • Creates new employment opportunities in high-tech and manufacturing • Enhances industrial development and higher standard of living • Provides low cost energy source for seawater desalination & process heat

  48. NP: Near Term Challenges • High investment cost • Human resources • International & regional political climate • Infrastructure - Fabrication and manufacturing capacity - Engineering capability - Skilled construction trades - Transmission grid & reliability

  49. Political Support for Nuclear Power • Interest in nuclear power in the Region is not new • As far as 1994, the Arab League urged its member states to enhance education in nuclear science and technology • In 2006, the Arab League reiterated its call and more specifically for establishing a regional reactor project • Officials from the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) , in their December 2006 meeting, said they were exploring the possibility of creating a shared nuclear programme • The Arab League , at the end of its summit meeting in March 2007, "called on the Arab states to expand the use of peaceful nuclear technology in all domains serving continuous development.“ • Countries expressed interest so far: Jordan, Egypt, UAE, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait

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