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Delayed GI Recovery Following Colectomy

Delayed GI Recovery Following Colectomy. Anthony J. Senagore, MD, MBA, MS, FACS, FASCRS Vice President and Chief Academic Officer Spectrum Health Medical Group Professor of Surgery Michigan State University College of Human Medicine East Lansing, Michigan. Faculty Disclosure.

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Delayed GI Recovery Following Colectomy

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  1. Delayed GI Recovery Following Colectomy Anthony J. Senagore, MD, MBA, MS, FACS, FASCRS Vice President and Chief Academic Officer Spectrum Health Medical Group Professor of Surgery Michigan State University College of Human Medicine East Lansing, Michigan

  2. Faculty Disclosure It is the policy of The France Foundation to ensure balance, independence, objectivity, and scientific rigor in all its sponsored educational activities. All faculty, activity planners, content reviewers, and staff participating in this activity will disclose to the participants any significant financial interest or other relationship with manufacturer(s) of any commercial product(s)/device(s) and/or provider(s) of commercial services included in this educational activity. The intent of this disclosure is not to prevent a person with a relevant financial or other relationship from participating in the activity, but rather to provide participants with information on which they can base their own judgments. The France Foundation has identified and resolved any and all conflicts of interest prior to the release of this activity. Dr. Senagore has received grants/research support from Deltex Medical, ElectroCore Medical, LifeCell Corporation, and NiTi Surgical Solutions. He has served as a consultant for Ethicon, Inc and Tranzyme Pharma and has received honoraria from Adolor, Covidien, and GlaxoSmithKline.

  3. Educational Learning Objectives Describe the importance of improving time to gastrointestinal recovery that occurs postsurgery and consider how this affects length of hospital stay and overall quality of patient care Evaluate the evidence for therapeutic options that may improve gastrointestinal recovery postsurgery and integrate these efforts toward supporting overall surgical quality measures Describe how interprofessional collaboration surrounding gastrointestinal surgery can result in better alignment with current surgical quality measures and formulate strategies to integrate this into current practice

  4. Case Presentation • 55-year-old WM with complicated sigmoid diverticulitis and several percutaneous drainage procedures for abscess • He presents now for an elective open sigmoid colectomy

  5. Patient Case–Postoperative Course • He develops abdominal distention with oral liquids on postoperative Day 4 and vomits a large volume of bilious fluid • He has been on intravenous fentanyl PCA analgesia PCA: patient-controlled analgesia

  6. Patient Case POD 5−9 • He has continued NG aspirates of 1200–1500 ml per day • A PICC line is placed and he is placed on total parenteral nutrition for nutritional support • He undergoes daily complete metabolic profiles and alternate day CBC’s to monitor his status • A CT scan is done on Day 7 to exclude abdominal abscess PICC: peripherally inserted central catheter

  7. Patient Case POD 9−13 • He begins to pass flatus on POD 9 and his NG aspirate slowly decreases • He begins clear liquids on POD 10 and is finally advanced to general diet and after a bowel movement is able to be discharged home on POD 13

  8. Schilling P, et al. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207:698-704. Large Bowel Resection Accounts Disproportionately for Surgical Morbidity

  9. Elective Colorectal Surgeries And Length of Stay What is the typical length of stay associated with elective bowel resection procedures?

  10. International Mean Length of Stay: Still Long Mean stay in days Base = US: 232, UK: 173, France: 120, Germany: 216, Italy: 174, Spain: 167 Kehlet H, et al. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202:45-54.

  11. Why the Outliers (? POI) The data demonstrate variable LOS, however POI was not recorded as a complication in this data set A O/E Ratio 95% Confidence Interval Outlier (P < 0.05) Extended LOS in the Absence of Complications Worse than Expected Better than Expected Hospital Cohen ME, et al.Ann Surg. 2009;250:901-907.

  12. Clinical and Financial Significance • HCFA data (Medicare): 1999–2000 • 161,000 major intestinal/colorectal resections • Mean post-op stay = 11.3 days • 1.8 million hospital bed-days • $1.75 billion per annum Senagore AJ. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007;64(S13):S3-7.

  13. Elective Colorectal Surgeries and Length of Stay • Although numerous studies have demonstrated that accelerated care pathways for colorectal surgeries are associated with reduced length of hospital stay, length of stay in the US and elsewhere is ~7-15 days. Gastrointestinal recovery is an important determinant of length of stay.

  14. Elective Bowel Resection and Perioperative Surgical Care Pathway • A recent web-based survey of general and colorectal surgeons in the US indicated that only 30% practice in hospitals with a perioperative surgical care pathway intended to accelerate GI recovery following elective bowel resections Delaney C, et al. Am J Surg. 2010;199:299-304.

  15. Fast Track Protocol • Pre-operative information and education • No NG, +/- epidurals • PCA analgesia, supplementary i.v. ketorolac • Encouraged to ambulate x 5 per day • Liquids ad lib after surgery • Diet from evening post-op Day 1 • Oral analgesia Day 2 if tolerating diet

  16. Nasogastric Tube Usage(more than you think) Kehlet H, et al. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202:45-54.

  17. Time to General Diet(slower than you think) Kehlet H, et al. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202:45-54.

  18. There Are Numerous Risk Factors for POI Extent of Bowel Manipulation Surgical Site POI is Expected to Affect Almost Every Patient Who Undergoes Abdominal Surgery Amount of Opioids Operation Time Resnick J, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:751-762. Resnick J, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:934-940. Senagore AJ. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007;64(suppl 13):S3-S7. Senagore AJ, et al. Surgery. 2007;142:478-486. Woods MS. Perspect Colon Rectal Surg. 2000;12:57-76.

  19. Delayed recovery Clinical Impact of POI1-4 • Increased postoperative pain • Increased nausea and vomiting • Increased risk of aspiration • Prolonged time to regular diet • Delayed wound healing • Increased risk of malnutrition/catabolism • Prolonged time to mobilization • Increased pulmonary complications • Prolonged hospitalization • Increased health care costs Woods MS. Perspect Colon Rectal Surg. 2000;12:57-76. Kehlet H, Holte K. Am J Surg. 2001;182(5A suppl):3S-10S. Behm B, Stollman N. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;1:71-80. Leslie JB. Ann Pharmacother. 2005; 39:1502-1510.

  20. GI Recovery and Cost Considerations What is the economic impact of delayed GI recovery following bowel resection procedures?

  21. 25 15 No coded POI No coded POI Coded POI Coded POI 20 10.6 16.3 10 15 9.9 5.4 10 5 5 0 0 Hospital LOS and Total Costs * * Mean hospital costs per patient, × $1,000 Mean duration of hospital stay, days *P < 0.01 for patients with coded POI versus patients withno coded POI. Senagore AJ, et al. ASCRS 2005 Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA.

  22. Economic Burden of POI Associated With Abdominal Surgery Cumulative costs for coded POI (total hospitalization + readmission cost) = $1,464,167,173 Data from Premier’s Perspective Comparative Database,160 Hospitals, 2002 Goldstein J, et al. P&T. 2007;32(2):82-90.

  23. Cost Data I.Index Admission: SH Colectomy * P < 0.05 ANOVA Asgeirsson T, et al. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210:228-231.

  24. Cost Data II.Readmission: SH Colectomy No statistical significance ANOVA Asgeirsson T, et al. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210:228-231.

  25. Cost Data III.Total Cost of Care for Entire Cohort Patients with primary POI and readmission for delayed primary POI accounted for 35% of the total costs, despite being only 24% of the study population Asgeirsson T, et al. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210:228-231.

  26. Postoperative ileus increases cost primarily due to what reason? A. Increased rate of anastomotic leak B. Increased use of imaging and laboratory investigation C. Increased risk of incisional dehiscence D. Increased cost of analgesics

  27. POI and Costs Additional costs associated with POI primarily include increasing length of stay, labor costs, imaging/diagnostic studies, laboratory costs, and parenteral nutrition

  28. GI2* Recovery Following Bowel Resection *GI2 = time to toleration of solid food and first bowel movement CI = confidence interval http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/021775s004lbl.pdf. Accessed May 2010.

  29. GI Recovery Data From 5 Bowel Resection Studies 1.0 Alvimopan 12 mg Placebo 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Estimated Probability of Achieving GI-2 Recovery 0.5 0.4 Increased risk of prolonged POI in the placebo group 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 Hours After End of Surgery • Wolff BG, et al. Ann Surg. 2004;240:728-735. • Delaney CP, et al. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1114-1125. • Viscusi E, et al. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:67-70. • Ludwig K, et al. Arch Surg. 2008;143:1098-1105. • Buchler M, et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 28:312-325. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/021775s004lbl.pdf. Accessed May 2010.

  30. Enhanced Recovery Pathway Departmental Length of Stay (LOS) 1991–1999 1999 March–June/2000 n LOS n LOS n LOS DRG 148 ERP open 1784 9.5 185 8.6 62 5.7* other CR teams 6459 9.8 824 8.8 162 10.1 Laparoscopic243.2* DRG 149 ERP open 742 6.4 69 5.2 44 3.5† other CR teams 2256 6.4 327 5.1 111 4.5 Laparoscopic 18 2.5* DRG 148 & 149 ERP open 2526 8.6 254 7.7106 4.7§ other CR teams 8715 8.9 1151 7.7 273 7.7 Laparoscopic 42 2.9 * * P < 0.0001; † P = 0.002; §P < 0.001, Student’s t test LAP: laparoscopy CR: colorectal surgery Delaney C,et al. Br J Surg. 2001;88:1533-1538.

  31. Laparoscopic Colectomy at a Single Institution–Outcomes Senagore AJ, et al. Am J Surg. 2006;191:377-380. EBL: estimated blood loss

  32. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Laparoscopy Open Preop Comorbidities Postop Complications DRG 148 Assignment The data demonstrate that the incidence of assignment to DRG 148 was due to postoperative complications at twice the frequency in open colectomy compared to laparoscopic colectomy (orange bars). The majority of these complications were postoperative ileus. *P < 0.001 * Patient no. * Senagore AJ, et al. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1016-1010. DRG 148: colorectal resection with complications

  33. Professional Margin: Fee v OR Time: Improved Contribution Margin Senagore A. Personal Communication

  34. GI Recovery, LOS, and Cost • GI recovery influences LOS, which impacts overall hospitalization costs • Strategies to enhance GI recovery are expected to ultimately translate into cost savings • Enhanced recovery pathway • Preoperative patient education and optimization • Minimally invasive surgery where appropriate • Early removal of NG tubes • Early resumption of diet • Opioid-sparing techniques • Peripheral opioid antagonism where appropriate • Early ambulation

  35. Patient Case Summary • Patient developed prolonged POI with an extended length of stay • Increased cost of care due to imaging, parenteral nutrition, and metabolic monitoring • Patient experienced significant impairment of quality of life and delayed recovery

  36. Conclusion • POI accounts disproportionately for cost of care following colectomy and impacts upwards of 20% of the patient population • Safe and effective reduction in the incidence of POI will reduce cost and resource consumption in colectomy

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