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The Integumentary System

The Integumentary System. More Than Skin Deep Cell Cycle. TAKS. TAKS Objective 2 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of living systems and the environment. TEKS.

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The Integumentary System

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  1. The Integumentary System More Than Skin Deep Cell Cycle

  2. TAKS • TAKSObjective 2 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of living systems and the environment.

  3. TEKS • The student knows the structures and functions of nucleic acids in the mechanisms of genetics. The student is expected to • describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); and illustrate how information fro specifying traits of an organism is carried in the DNA; • explain replication, transcription, and translation using models of DNA and ribonucleic acid

  4. Engage • Humans shed their entire epidermis every 15 to 30 days. • Bloodhounds detect this upon tracking

  5. Explore 1: Cell Cycle Research • Student will complete a cell cycle diagram with detailed description of cellular activity in each of the cell cycle phases.

  6. Cell Cycle

  7. Explain: Cell Cycle • All cells constantly replace themselves by a process called mitosis, which is a small section of the cell cycle. • New skin cells push the older generation of cells toward the surface of the skin, where they are finally shed as a flake-like, lifeless, residue

  8. M phase (Mitosis) Interphase G1 phase S phase G2 phase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase What are the two main phases of the cell cycle? Cell Cycle includes is divided into is divided into

  9. The Cell Cycle? • Cell cycle - changes a cell goes through during its life span. • contains 2 main steps. • 1.Interphase (LONGEST phase of the cell cycle and has three parts) • G1 (Everyday Cellular Activity) • S (DNA Synthesis) • G2 (Other Organelles Replicated) • 2. M-Phase or Mitotic Phase (Shortest phase) • Mitosis (Nuclear Division) • Cytokinesis (Cytoplasm Division)

  10. Explore 2: S Phase Berry Full of DNA Lab

  11. Photo 51 • Scientific contributions to the discovery of the DNA structure.

  12. Review: Interphase (G1) • What is the main purpose of a cell that is in G1? • G1 Phase: During this stage the cell is carrying on its everyday activities. • If the cell’s surface to volume ratio gets too big then the cell must get ready to divide. • Do some cells entering a resting state? • What is this phase called? • G0 Phase: Resting State - Some cells leave the cell cycle and stay here much longer than others ex) brain, nerve, etc…

  13. Purines Pyrimidines Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Phosphate group Deoxyribose Explain: DNA Section 12-1 Nucleotides

  14. Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Structure of DNA Section 12-1

  15. DNA • Deoxyribose Sugar • Base Pairs A-T G-C • Phosphate

  16. What is a Nucleotide? The basic building block of nucleic acids containing a sugar, base, and a phosphate. P B S S= Deoxyribose Sugar or Ribose Sugar B = Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine or Uracil P = Phosphate

  17. Sugar

  18. Bases(Nitrogenous Bases) • These chemicals are often called nitrogenous bases because of the high content of nitrogen (N) atoms

  19. Purines

  20. Pyrimidines • 1) Cytosine (C) • 2) Thymine (T) • 3) Uracil (U)

  21. Phosphate

  22. Nucleotide • The Sugar and the Phosphate make up the backbone of the structure • The bases make up the rungs of the ladder

  23. Different Types of Nucleotides in DNA

  24. Many Nucleotides Together

  25. Parts of DNA and RNA • Have a Sugar/Phosphate Backbone • Bases make up the steps of the ladder • A-T---DNA • A-U---RNA • G-C---DNA & RNA

  26. DNA Structure

  27. Practice • On your paper, complete the missing DNA strand by adding the complementary bases. • A T C G T T G C C A T C • T A G C A A C G G T A G

  28. DNA Replication A Closer Look • DNA before replication: 1 double helix • DNA after replication: 2 identical double helixes

  29. Original strand DNA polymerase New strand Growth DNA polymerase Growth Replication fork Replication fork Nitrogenous bases New strand Original strand DNA Replication Section 12-2

  30. Getting Ready

  31. Step 1Unwinding and Unzipping

  32. Unwind and UnzipHelicase Enzyme

  33. Step 2SeparatesPolymerase Enzyme

  34. Step 3Picking up Complementary Bases

  35. Separation and Adding Bases5’----3’

  36. Step 4Rewind

  37. Two New DNA Molecules • Each DNA Molecule with a Parent and Daughter Strand

  38. Interphase (G2) • G2 phase: The rest of the cell’s organelles are reproduced.

  39. Elaborate: DNA Jewelry

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