CLIMATE OF THE MIDDLE EAST

5. CLIMATE OF THE MIDDLE EAST VARIES A GREAT DEAL DEPENDING ON WHERE YOU ARE

6. RAINFALL • Northern Iran gets up to 80 inches/year while desert regions of Iran can get no rain for several years

7. TEMPERATURES • Ankara, Turkey experiences averages 32°F in January and 73°F in July. • Jiddah, Saudi Arabia averages 75°F in January and 89°F in July. • Lowland desert areas in the interior part of the Peninsula can get as hot as 113°F or higher.

8. GEOGRAPHY FACTS & FIGURES • Much of the region consists of flat plains or plateaus. Extensive desert areas stretch across the southern regions • Northern mountainous areas include the Taurus Mountains in Turkey and the Elburz Mountains and Zagros Mountains in Iran

9. EARLY LIFE ON THE ARABIAN PENINSULA • Civilization dates back thousands of years • BEDOUINS– nomads who herd sheep, camels, and goats • Live mainly in tents • Organized into tribes made up of related families • Sheikh – chief of a tribe, appointed by heads of the families • Warfare was a common part of life (fought over watering holes, camels, pastures…)

10. GROWTH OF TOWNS • A.D. 500 – many tribes settled around an oasis or in fertile valleys • Oasis– fertile area around springs and water holes that provides a permanent source of water • Merchants began to create important market towns

11. MECCA (MAKKAH) • very important market town • People from all over the Arabian Peninsula came here to trade • People also came to worship at the Kaaba – a sacred shrine that contained statues of many Arab deities

14. ISLAM PRE-QUIZ 1. People who practice Islam are called Islams. • People who practice Islam believe in the same god as Christians and Jews. • People who practice Islam do not believe at all in Jesus. • Christians, Jews and Muslims all believe in parts of the Bible. • Muslims pray 6 times a day. • Muslims pray in a church. • About 1 out of every 10 people in the world is Muslim. • Islam is the world’s fastest growing religion. • Islam is older than Christianity and Judaism. • Muslim religious leaders are called priests.

15. MUHAMMAD & HIS MESSAGE • Muhammad – born in 570 in Mecca, the “Prophet of Islam” • Had a revelation, vision, while praying in 610 telling him to recite the word of Allah (Muslim name for god) • Messages were written down in the Koran, holy book for Muslims

16. MUHAMMAD cont. • Many people in Mecca feared and hated Muhammad and his message (why?) • Loss of economic power 2. Loss of political power

17. MUHAMMAD cont. • Hijrah - in 622 Muhammad and his followers left Mecca and went to Yathrib(Madinah/Medina) for safety • 629/630 – Muhammad and his followers recaptured Mecca • 632 – Muhammad died

18. 5 PILLARS OF ISLAM • Faith • Prayer • Alms • Fasting • Pilgrimage

19. MOSQUE PLACE OF WORSHIP SCHOOL S H E L T E R C O U R T

20. T U R K E Y

22. LONDON

24. BRUNEI

25. MALAYSIA

28. http://www.hitchams.suffolk.sch.uk/mosque/default.htm

29. IMPORTANT SITES IN JERUSALEM

30. WESTERN WALL (wailing wall) • Section of the western wall that remains of the Jewish Temple destroyed in A.D. 70 • Extremely sacred place for Jews

31. DOME OF THE ROCK • Built to represent the greatness of Islam • Built on the site of the rock on which Abraham went to sacrifice his son • Also the site of Muhammad’s “night journey”

32. CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER • Built over the site of Jesus’ burial • Extremely sacred to Christians

33. ISLAM AFTER MUHAMMAD WHAT NOW????

34. RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS • After Muhammad died the Muslims had to choose a new leader, or caliph • Caliph – means "successor”, it was the title given to the leader of the Muslims • The first four caliphs were chosen for life: • Abu Bakr– Muhammad’s father-in-law (supported by Sunnis) and first caliph b. Ali– Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law (supported by Shiites) and last of the RGC

35. CALIPHS SPREAD ISLAM • Muslims were looking to: • Expand Islam b. Acquire agricultural wealth of surrounding empires to meet needs of a growing population WORLD ISLAM CALIPHS

37. Reasons for the success of the Arab armies: 1. united in their belief and desire to spread Islam • Idea ofJihad– holy struggle to bring Islam to other lands

38. 2. Surrounding empires (Byzantine and Persian) were both weakened by continual warfare

39. 3. People in Byzantine and Persian Empires preferred rule by Muslims I think I’ll go with the Muslims. The Persians have been mean to me for sooooo long. PERSIANS MUSLIMS

40. THE CRUSADES What? - a series of wars fought between European Christians and Middle Eastern Muslims When? – roughly 1095 – 1300 Why? – control of the “Holy Land” (Jerusalem and surrounding areas)

41. EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES • Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean world 2. Tension between East and West?

42. DAILY LIFE and CULTURE

43. CITY and COUNTRY • Most Muslims lived in rural or desert areas, but leadership came from cities • Cities became major trading centers • Cities were separated into business and residential districts

44. URBAN CENTERS • Houses were centered around courtyards which, if wealthy, had fountains and gardens • Interiors were plain with few pieces of furniture, usually sat on carpets or pillows • Main religious, political, and economic buildings were at the center of the cities • Worshippers gathered at the mosques on Fridays

45. TRADE and BAZAAR • Muslims dominated trade in the Middle East and North Africa until about 1400 • Caravans traveled as far east as India and China • Caravans also traded with African and Europe • Most trading took place in bazaars – marketplaces. Consisted of shops and stalls • Men would meet at bazaars for trade, but also to discuss politics and business

46. MEN 1. Koran states that men are responsible for women 2. Participate in politics, military, business 3. At age 7 boys enter mosque schools 4. Some continue education at a madrasas – theological schools

47. WOMEN • Her social position is determined by her role as wife, mother, daughter and/or sister 2. Islam improved position of women by forbidding ancient customs such as the killing of female infants and by limiting polygamy • Islam gave women control over their property 4. Upper class women had opportunities in business, literature…

48. ISLAMIC ACHIEVEMENTS • By the year 800 Muslims enjoyed a period of cultural achievement that enabled them to make great strides in many areas • Arabic became the common language, enabling people from different areas to communicate BIG STRIDE

49. HOUSE OF WISDOM • During the 800s the city of Baghdad became a leading cultural and intellectual center • Influenced by Greece and India • House of Wisdom– a center for learning founded in 830 that specialized in the translation into Arabic of Persian, Greek, and Indian scientific texts WISDOM

50. MATHEMATICS • Invented algebra 2. Adopted Indian numerals (Arabic Numerals) and used them in a place value system