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First Wave, WWII – 1970s

First Wave, WWII – 1970s. France accepted post-colonial migrants from the Maghreb (North Africa) Algeria, Morocco. First Wave, WWII – 1970s. Netherlands accepted post-colonial migrants from Asia Indonesia independent in 1949 Suriname independent in 1975

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First Wave, WWII – 1970s

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  1. First Wave, WWII – 1970s • France accepted post-colonial migrants from the Maghreb (North Africa) • Algeria, Morocco

  2. First Wave, WWII – 1970s • Netherlands accepted post-colonial migrants from Asia • Indonesia independent in 1949 • Suriname independent in 1975 • High rates of intermarriage in the Dutch former colonies

  3. Second Waves, 1990s – Today • 1990s Post-Soviet exiles & Refugees from the Balkan Wars

  4. Second Waves, 1990s – Today • 1990s – Now. Refugees and asylum-seekers fleeing war, violence, poverty in Asia and Africa

  5. Third Wave, 2004 – Today • E.U. Schengen Agreement (1985) • Free movement is fundamental right in E.U. • Internal border controls abolished 2004 • Result? • New labor migrants • Countries that once SENT labor migrants now RECEIVED labor migrants

  6. Third Wave, 2004 – Today • E.U. Schengen Agreement (1985) • Free movement is fundamental right in E.U. • Internal border controls abolished 2004 • Central and Eastern European Countries • 650,000+ job-seekers from new Member States • From poorer CEE states to richer CEE states • From East to West

  7. Central & East European Migration

  8. Third Wave, 2004 – Today • E.U. Schengen Agreement (1985) • Free movement is fundamental right in E.U. • Internal border controls abolished 2004 • “New Immigrant” Countries • Spain • Italy • Ireland • Portugal • Greece

  9. From Emigrant to Immigrant t1970 1990 2000 2010 11980 0

  10. Overview • Who are the Minorities in Europe today? • Three waves of International Migrants • Refugees and Asylum-Seekers Today

  11. Refugees & Asylum-Seekers Today • Yugoslav Wars and Minorities in Europe • Waves of refugees and asylum-seekers • Refugees and Diversity in Europe

  12. Yugoslav Wars & Minorities in Europe • Cold War ends with ethnic resurgence • Yugoslav (Balkan) Wars1990s • Croatian War of Independence (1991-95) • Bosnian War (1992-95) • Kosovo War (1998-199)

  13. Yugoslav Wars & Minorities in Europe

  14. Yugoslav Wars & Minorities in Europe • How have mass displacements & refugees shaped racial, ethnic, religious diversity? • Yugoslav Wars diaspora 1990s • Bosniaks (ethnic Bosnians, Muslim) • Serbs (ethnic Serb, Orthodox Christian) • Croats (ethnic Croat, Roman Catholic) • Kosovo (90% ethnic Albanian, Muslim) • Albania (ethnic Albanian, 60% Muslim) • Southeastern European Refugees flooded into Western Europe => ethnic & religious diversity

  15. Waves of Refugees & Asylum-Seekers • How have other mass displacements shaped ethnicity & religion in Europe? • Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan • War / unrest in Chechnya, Russia • War & Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa • Somalia, Sudan (Darfur), Eritrea, DR Congo… • War & Conflict in North Africa (Maghreb) • Arab Spring 2011: Tunisia, Yemen, Bahrain • Civil War in Syria

  16. Top Origins of World’s Refugees

  17. Applications for Asylum in Europe

  18. Refugees and Diversity in Europe • How have mass displacements & refugees shaped ethnicity & religion in Europe? • 70% of world’s refugees from Muslim countries • The vast majority of refugees are from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East • Refugees in Europe bring racial, ethnic, and religious diversity

  19. Refugees and Diversity in Europe • How have mass displacements & refugees shaped ethnicity & religion in Europe? • Most applications for asylum are DENIED • Most refugees in Europe are TEMPORARY

  20. EU Asylum Decisions by Origins

  21. Refugees and Diversity in Europe • How have mass displacements & refugees shaped ethnicity & religion in Europe? • Repatriation can take years • Permanent asylum may allow family unification • Refugees in Europe bring racial, ethnic, and religious diversity

  22. Overview • Who are the minorities in Europe today? • Three waves of international migrants • Refugees and asylum-seekers today • Europe’s Muslim minorities

  23. Europe’s Muslim Minorities • Muslims constitute < 1% of U.S. population • Muslims in the US are diverse and dispersed • Two small cities have large Muslim populations • Dearborn, MI 30% • Patterson, NJ 15-20% • Muslims constitute ~ 6% of Europe • Many cities have large Muslim populations • Amsterdam (14%), Antwerp (17%), Berlin (9%) London (10%), Stockholm (20%), Paris (10-15%), Marseille (20-30%)

  24. Snapshot: Europe’s Muslim Minorities

  25. Europe’s Muslim Minorities • Diversity of Muslim experiences & beliefs • Muslims in Europe, especially Western Europe, largely arrived as postcolonials & guestworkers • Muslim refugees are much smaller group but: • Many suffered trauma / deprivation • Many from Global South experience culture shock • Many lack basic education / skills • Many cling to primacy of religious identity • Secularism and Religious identity as Muslims varies

  26. Overview • Who are the Minorities in Europe today? • Three waves of International Migrants • Refugees and Asylum-Seekers Today • Europe’s Muslim Minorities • Challenges for European Societies • Conclusions

  27. Challenges for European Societies • Country-specific challenges • France • Netherlands • Sweden • Germany • United Kingdom

  28. France: Muslim Minorities • Five Million Muslims in France • France is secular, does not recognize “minorities” • Legislation progressively restricts public religion: • 2004 Ban on headscarves in state schools • 2011 Ban on niqaband burka • 2011 Ban on public prayer • Segregation, disadvantage, and • deprivation, youth violence • and unrest

  29. Netherlands : Muslim Minorities • Rapid immigration led to social problems • Muslims Poorly Integrated • Low levels of Dutch national identity • Residential and school segregation • Assassinations & Policy Reversal • Pym Fortuyn and Theo Van Gogh murdered • Anti-Muslim sentiments soared • Today among most restrictive countries

  30. Sweden: Muslim Minorities • EU Study “Best Incorporation Practices” • Sweden ranked highest in EU • Study of policy - work, family, ant-discrimination • But…Study did not evaluate migrant outcomes • Outcomes for Sweden’s Muslims ? • First and second generation well behind • Residential segregation • Low employment, Low Income, Low Education • Low rates of political participation

  31. Germany : Turkish Minorities • From “Guests” to “Foreigners” • Little effort to incorporate guestworkers before 2000 • Even 3rd generation little access to citizenship pre-2000 • Official policy “We are not an immigrant nation” • From “Foreigners” to slow incorporation • Turkish guestworkers in segregated communities • Many Turkish children grew up with poor language skills • Turkish children have high dropout rate • Turkish unemployment twice German unemployment.

  32. UK : Multiple Minorities • UK is Diverse: 80.5% White British and :

  33. UK : Multiple Minorities • The UK is Diverse in Religion

  34. UK : Multiple Minorities • Different experiences across groups • Indian minority does well overall • Afro-Caribbean minorities assimilated into working class – “Mixed Race” identity fastest growing group • Pakistani and Bangladeshi minorities are most disadvantaged • Ambivalent attitudes • 70% British approve of diversity - but high anti-immigrant sentiment

  35. Conclusion • Europe’s minorities are diverse • Most minority groups are disadvantaged • Challenges for European Societies • Incorporation of immigrants and minorities • Cultural integration • Economic integration • Civic integration • Rethinking national identity • Ethnic, racial, religious identity • Multiculturalism and discrimination

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